Class 10th Science Tamilnadu Board Solution
Part-a- From the given examples, form the pair of isotopes and the pair of isobars: 18Ar^40 ,…
- Molecular mass of Nitrogen is 28. Its atomic mass is 14. Find the atomicity of Nitrogen.…
- Gram molecular mass of Oxygen is 32 g. Density of Oxygen is 1.429 g/litre. Find the gram…
- ‘Cl’ represents Chlorine atom, ‘Cl2’ represents Chlorine molecule. List out any two…
- Calculate the gram molecular mass of water from the values of gram atomic mass of Hydrogen…
- One mole of any substance contains 6.023 x 10^23 particles. If 3.0115 x 10^23 particles…
- _________ have equal number of neutrons. i) Isobars ii) Isotones iii) Isotopes iv) Mass…
- Classify the following based on atomicity: i) Chlorine ii) Neon iii) Phosphorous iv) Ozone…
- Identify and correct the mistake in each of the following: i) The molar volume of gas at…
- Give a single term substitute for each of the following: i) 6.023 x 10^23 molecules ii)…
Part-b- Modern atomic theory takes up the wave concept, principle of uncertainty and other latest…
- How will you establish the relation between vapour density and molecular mass of a gas by…
- Calculate the number of moles in: i) 12.046 x 10^23 atoms of Copper ii) 27.95g of Iron…
- Find the gram molecular mass of the following from the data given: i) H2O ii) CO2 iii)…
- Complete the table given below:
- Calculate the number of water molecules present in one drop of water which weighs 0.18 g.…
- Fill in the blanks using the given data: The formula of Calcium oxide is CaO. The atomic…
- How many grams are there in: i) 5 moles of water ii) 2 moles of Ammonia iii) 2 moles of…
Part-c- When ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride gas, it produces white fumes of ammonium…
- Nitro glycerine is used as an explosive. The equation for the explosive reaction is…
- Sodium bi carbonate breaks down on heating: 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (Atomic mass of Na…
- 40 g of calcium was extracted from 56 g of calcium oxide (Atomic mass of Ca= 40, O=16) i)…
- How many grams are there in the following? i) 1 mole of chlorine molecule, Cl2 ii) 2 moles…
- Find how many moles of atoms are there in: i) 2 g of nitrogen. ii) 23 g of sodium iii) 40…
- From the given examples, form the pair of isotopes and the pair of isobars: 18Ar^40 ,…
- Molecular mass of Nitrogen is 28. Its atomic mass is 14. Find the atomicity of Nitrogen.…
- Gram molecular mass of Oxygen is 32 g. Density of Oxygen is 1.429 g/litre. Find the gram…
- ‘Cl’ represents Chlorine atom, ‘Cl2’ represents Chlorine molecule. List out any two…
- Calculate the gram molecular mass of water from the values of gram atomic mass of Hydrogen…
- One mole of any substance contains 6.023 x 10^23 particles. If 3.0115 x 10^23 particles…
- _________ have equal number of neutrons. i) Isobars ii) Isotones iii) Isotopes iv) Mass…
- Classify the following based on atomicity: i) Chlorine ii) Neon iii) Phosphorous iv) Ozone…
- Identify and correct the mistake in each of the following: i) The molar volume of gas at…
- Give a single term substitute for each of the following: i) 6.023 x 10^23 molecules ii)…
- Modern atomic theory takes up the wave concept, principle of uncertainty and other latest…
- How will you establish the relation between vapour density and molecular mass of a gas by…
- Calculate the number of moles in: i) 12.046 x 10^23 atoms of Copper ii) 27.95g of Iron…
- Find the gram molecular mass of the following from the data given: i) H2O ii) CO2 iii)…
- Complete the table given below:
- Calculate the number of water molecules present in one drop of water which weighs 0.18 g.…
- Fill in the blanks using the given data: The formula of Calcium oxide is CaO. The atomic…
- How many grams are there in: i) 5 moles of water ii) 2 moles of Ammonia iii) 2 moles of…
- When ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride gas, it produces white fumes of ammonium…
- Nitro glycerine is used as an explosive. The equation for the explosive reaction is…
- Sodium bi carbonate breaks down on heating: 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (Atomic mass of Na…
- 40 g of calcium was extracted from 56 g of calcium oxide (Atomic mass of Ca= 40, O=16) i)…
- How many grams are there in the following? i) 1 mole of chlorine molecule, Cl2 ii) 2 moles…
- Find how many moles of atoms are there in: i) 2 g of nitrogen. ii) 23 g of sodium iii) 40…
Part-a
Question 1.From the given examples, form the pair of isotopes and the pair of isobars:
18Ar40, 17Cl35, 20Ca40, 17Cl37
Answer:● Isotopes are the atoms of same chemical element having different
atomic mass. This means they differ in neutron number. For ex- 17Cl35 and 17Cl37. Here both atoms are chlorine atoms and have atomic number 17. So, each atom has 17 electrons and 17 protons. But the former one has atomic mass 35 and the latter one has atomic mass 37. This implies that former one has 18 neutrons (35-17) and latter one has 20 neutrons (37-17). Hence, they are isotopes.
● Isobars are the atoms of different elements having same atomic mass.
This implies that the sum of protons and neutrons in each atom is same. For ex- 18Ar40 and 20Ca40. Here, the former one is argon atom and latter one is calcium. Their atomic numbers are different. But their atomic mass is same i.e. 40. This implies that the number of nucleons in both atoms is same, even though the proton, electron and neutron numbers are different.
Question 2.Molecular mass of Nitrogen is 28. Its atomic mass is 14. Find the atomicity of Nitrogen.
Answer:Atomicity is the number of atoms in the molecule of an element. Molecular mass is calculated by adding up the masses of respective atoms present in the molecule. Nitrogen molecule contains only nitrogen atoms. Given -
Mass of molecule of nitrogen = 28
Mass of atom of nitrogen = 14
Let number of atoms in the molecule = x
So,
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![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFUAAAAqCAMAAAD1X+d8AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAIRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjoAOjqQOmY6OmaQOma2OpC2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZjo6ZjpmZmYAZmZmZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGY6kLbbkNv/tmYAttv/tv//25A627Zm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bT0fmqQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAABb0lEQVRIS92X23KDMAxEJdok9A5NbwltceuAHfz//1fJgOElbWfYp+iBMJnMwd6V1oTonCo0W+ZVrVs6XDNnb5DNGd7Rsbz4JrLZTshcILBmIxTLewqV3pFZtwisMtyMGtmQMqqAEy3okEWJEeXzvWKaXNyCQUMVHfK5fKjCkBpsCpX61F8BZTaR05V9D6jEy8vq4lwxrhLTWf5K/AkmSvrQwqaAY6lfOrGrz+W7P2PCLN+Au5zyDQillG+Ged1aRs2hrFHzjYzkRahAw52GTwfbxvSIX/XdKfVnOJ346ZBvPr+9Py1uesrs5jcrhnzT8wiWmeMxJFn0/DLF0FIFhnyj8F4PGQfosZRvmkYOcxxTyrdKzO7KPpMW16Df/1jNU7IT5uxxy8lNn4P6xd992ZHala8gqoidqKZweKq7afHU7rEmODVOuFAtKN96Xd2YL1BqnBG4AnDq1E6o2Qof8tbKl/2fDNEW17CLYwcC+AEX/x5roNdAAgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
Hence, the atomicity of nitrogen is 2. 2 atoms of nitrogen make one
molecule of nitrogen.
Question 3.Gram molecular mass of Oxygen is 32 g. Density of Oxygen is 1.429 g/litre. Find the gram molar volume of Oxygen.
Answer:Given - Gram molecular mass of Oxygen = 32 g
Density of Oxygen = 1.429 g/litre
Gram molar volume of Oxygen = ?
Formula used is -
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
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Question 4.‘Cl’ represents Chlorine atom, ‘Cl2’ represents Chlorine molecule.
List out any two differences between atoms and molecules.
Answer:![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Note –
Atoms combine to form molecules.
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)
Question 5.Calculate the gram molecular mass of water from the values of gram atomic mass of Hydrogen and of Oxygen.
Gram atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1 g
Gram atomic mass of Oxygen = 16 g
Answer:If the molecular mass of a given substance is expressed in grams, it is known as gram molecular mass of that substance. Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of the substance.
One molecule of water is H2O, which contains 2 hydrogen and one oxygen atoms. So, molecular mass is sum of atomic masses of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
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egdTvdpQ7ipWfQSHapiL7QMp4uzqEBoICcYjtttznIcX4EQQ1ar/g2TD9bmMm0W2QhZkvux1oooDVqAfwYcGsQxLW/S7V5HQTcIeYefrbvF+ZNVmJtatnE0dbJpkSFjZ5wNLZQ0XKUNvo/1OWjlUXGSI8PH02CjK3LLrSEBq+D4ciQVPWz2X2SdUs6eWidAetibifdUzVpl9kV2lzIVgBokAAc5liFiduIf0mHMLQ7ajguZs4O8wuaSW/tkg+Yag3EvRllCi5s7AWQgGYPQSU5FT+mIrG39pGjJEcrK+Gyepr0Ywms2CZJzMhX2uppvKiLThVbyIOmbvcNObtZNz3PQuMR/gsPYvwcTbPI4/PeVqPHF2UYn68KLB7kI9PGZrBxi84c0pCXa1+XYvPWS0Ybwr0yxXu7kzUIPLcB1bWvUzlXyXeptheKOuw8HYwbXZdYrkKm0JKN2RF1DJngpMquU6AHwHhhpJfskGm61vVktAbjaBV7fNQ1AQBY2U320XpFOlZJg+XTNCZA54BaUV6kOJxTki4Wwbh/ZgLKp4PkBBB0AET7JiWJaraKv79iIOj6EdU6+8mLu7CvpETwPPJzzA1aqZO4L/nR7ksnOS6MAEBqbYyH1yr7dzDDQvtU/ibuHOd1mpi5R33Zv0t7/umcrSdpwwBnXa4k11zupa9h7k3myxgNEPPWE909lRvqqLKTt/oy3WXNFEQHsLAgVpg2bWiiZvqEzh7SbLaufR0hW59TnuL3APwh53qGeb+Bj9FvrCb8wFDAhcl1qiN0DsDtIvbbN/bYH1tiXfTgm3I+Lw3/QgrOUPbXFmEy18qclGpsMe6aTjqBM8wsugdumVY04bb95HDsuyuO+cKDx2kcoI81iy++ibGwL3j88VO/E1pAsVcaGuiuTxX63Cn3e2aWTxPLpzUsn6DN22Ay2pTTDE2hcVFbCf30VxJoD4Rce48Gz1WRSZu9H/XQvyWtj2WSz90YQP+10783txS+H4L7gdl1siP4AQDjhSvHAQRTuTnNXjGe9z99Lmd9cva9oOu16oDU5zVPYY5/AAJ64B7Iqnj95YCzYcqMorDGzD9zm9TqA9Tg+E1WS9GN4MivmyDzDuqDzL8w5fKey3K9tivQ0JckIKV8H/3h3udZZx88CL7q2khfDR6mD+83BcZ3XjJf+/zLrJYHg0H3DcpynTgaOAeQdxFzKwQ/rDU89sohs7prCzV8hLEHbwQtrq1Us+8EeS5cIeV7Zu0+aMceeLmDvMVWaBF5znYqt+0n58UrFAKh6Ptg1YHj9OWHJgEEcyrYdPy/aRL3wf81y/Rmog0+MZMglU3xfuqyeQVAU/ezZqMWWkS+jGaDQy1QhUEL3gQPo94q+gv8zow/6UaN9I0AHn7Zri4EuIBGrMLjwqgjpNGPtFnQDfCEnQoTqrDSJ/qk/TloaGutTYX5SGghG0/vx2UwIG2C7R9gUTCSqj6a2ydZtzlnHReQIi5aEbE8P5/D9CWbXkuYs6R0/e3mAv7pjZZeq3TWAK//lMR4b80HKLtcLyl1MkkCjDHgesLo5UILxuefAwt7N+OCvSlvqSlSvA6r0EKufmM/pp0jb9zoVs8cuklbUdfnRN051J2Krps9IGSq7JYlqajDEsuTfh/dxn3EtuV0nvnQYhDMAJRBY2XdOShfD9K4J5ISR/wgdDqJwSkwnIiU7ln3kdR5spjqUzBTVIC58DkKz42Bctj8La8uUBXcl9KMWqxYoD2ke92zKb6IH1S4R2+nM3G0wY+pEAJHZMNa1sSgQ7x7TJzVIsr8p5nEDRCaJnnRTGjs1uXKdPQueRHkkp3CDzAGIFph6oOpffq4AIYp8xT6fbh/1EKy5Eh4fS54q86ansv1A5i1ZXnNUbbaRFnLcyzwZZXots9Pr55LgS7Rj8/QfBiLjFtCnwFUn12ID2XUbAotL9K/MwqOt7enuaA4w+bXdq0Jevfmm16GFrIS5/RcjsW8YYM7dBbaVX6i63ckqDeGwj4PvmWWTUVtObRiZW6EJ5xh9g/mMyzK5/XYKB8iLvwCQJD7WfKhR44F7eKM7m2gi1d+CcAo04irAgDtN+aj/ZtJ+txEezargbeyTOY1Py8hxy8+yip6cENLiTNHQMoqyLXQnEsPbtzQ9/xqnUYO/ZXwlNTKycJz0/bLH0x5GCv55IoKtL4ulxp4W/BTTM5fyOBHmKOzVucHA/gVaJ467gjkmTbD7Nw1m1hOLq3C9H+fQoazNIcM0Cq221SH4zw8+nCo4APIpuFiAMH010MLUPCmYfpDXjG+/OJoTwoomvrVmD5HiVpq/mJD1NY6SHfgy2fcgXMHXzzZmAvlg82TPqQDYv/IEguuaIDEYZjDDbN9qvr0uE5/3dKjt5BWenDLuLYHZj3+mXmGtyyEh/T7LP4eiqyBUL99Z/Q86cskuqXmczgkxZ+x6EAQ7F15ZrhQgc+XVGIVe1sZGgWQYhOsm+aoSzctj4Xy+T5idYwEmaarOkw4ZX194mjBnUU+1VmkWJ0E03AxjaFvGL7Cjydaw6eO/Bxgopym9QuOwaUAeX2Hpc59MMkD5PlHakV6sWqAf6ZlPNedeIk7SdHhml6snZX0YG/qdRS+gc2RdnNFK3915hB9lZpkTAsDGDpWXSI1+zP4Cp5dUj/IHAtudOkO+aBRP8ca9bgnkmJnkG7jPdDcpBln8+c5r0hzq/b+wx4ZB+h6ou22YB4Wr6Pmczhkasd7Mpl8cIbN00OFwarDfabSvD5S19QEL+MMfyPLwkcwXH+kz1SWoD41t3yGJcjUT8r131PhYr+kcUbLbXvJAa2bwupE9Tw1qK/TnRcl+iI1vk/N/pwtcqigSJ9b4ZdsyREgT+o/Yu6YuBYw5W3O8o3UUR9+rVXihwQUh5H7oCGfcHgCV2LoT5Efbb9E2Rw4MyXPCfPzGKZPr5fNbLFBASkpiga6mXN7nEYxQedkqXHYJ2t+gDQ9zoxWsf5iY8JcO6b7gM2P0pO1ng8fA/AB3ART+OlG9s2Eg33d1rD5nblIVZ+a0/TXLTWt5C0q4JfaBr9UIxjCCNrhHmHt8fgdYkXPrEeP/K3dqqXWSedZKrPyfNYuHT61NpE10EIwFqiSS3/AJWtp5BLUfA7ZnxB+kP6eEPsvxg+KvStvxN4+1bhcqbQ7JfvuLXi7wlSKN+tcdekxr5mui7bFaRTT6xzXSjd1x9ESmr1196Wamj5qyK0ja8hj+DeqDP400/IFaai3WBm50A+LckjzP9QDYIq9ME1PwjQN27oTATIcqFIzNB3xN3StFnwUJUnUfevQIQ71INebyxc0q6fZiX27HauG5mUSDvsGKkfp7kwusVlZmJjhg6j79S0IYMb6HF4TmkgOMGF/vqTO8imFNaO5Q8DJ0YG2UfE3KXt+1xowMIz4HF6jzxA8Mnav+9F6a4NuMo5wjHNq3gA3kpMHlwerShtMZTjDKmzALTqQE/UbUH8gcf3cc+czDNP0j+I0ioskMJxR3bR80XzpUW9g5J0y2vXut+T4DbRyCO7YrJ+/RRoujoyfJtnsjrkZGsVizwx1ThWQo8DMQSuBeug6qy9NRhJtb9bvg44p+itTnqE5DNP99Mhh8f/Nb/z1wlheZU38hRQO6misJbWEGlN8zUT/FT04RKejcyPq2p25zanpaKnSabOwuYtAm3GA39NatO8CqTx5tzT4EIEL8C88PVYveB24qa+PYX73d9Nc9bPn9yTr9mRT1syprVSgBzBVwOxsKYkE6DB1w+81UUQyO7BztO88sCEtmVk5jbVLLq3UazAfc3H6q6L/Sp1k5M0/iZdQrwH5OMeLqAvmU81nkIMqXohhlYNj1lWq0klE3+nRx/LBGlWxw1Q6PeNTqqqW42sWCeqUEsUiieCSKKuDriE8N0Qz9Q5hZhX1UfdR+jLV10fQqp+TlmYmrpTyT16jPZatJPXZqRQ/3FQGt/psc+qRCcJpp8Pd+VR4GwEYx2NXzI8cnuynqI5GfaHl1hlyh4NkojSWi6YjTH/XLFZL5C8N5X7UKd+9FjEJw/UktG5mnzy2wpIwzUwMMORIUkQI944OBQgBKXkIXrrrKZ4bIFo5iK0vsR+fyH+IL2icKKbPAAzPcnRxRboAW9cQnhvGHrWEymURfKKQ30cT+GE3X3Nx+jJ+ippJaLkbIJ92lg/8CeEXGqK4HyD4QRJcX0mmEx/vMSKPzQeqlWDpxIxp6qojmPv5MVpfpVLS+phoZV1D+MEwgkOswVyTCD4J8RmGly4VQJPOPodL8fAZrdlXRv94LJ8Kbu+irf8EJ2j48mlWYZw/JDRkbbACfz7ObSgeKCvYNzM9Q7d+934wQhNXrTD7ImiEo5N9PDcEtUAryD6HDzCer7uSzr1+hzZuy40Av0/f18zi4smhfGgbPaxJhbYxzM8TCgZuR4/fXmbKWvOPOdHgcDwmEEO8UGfHisYMHUkt4qAd3XaR/kZLqVKiB5rwr/7oLpExIn1L6P6wD9HJWqJjf3cboqIRAIJ0NhETd2ybkbo2mtmvB36I6FWkNmkbQVoX+Cn64ae448MkIoqao9FPT9vDfNe1tcb2SyvHX2ST8IsnkbY7ke9luCwdPniIcQe1jdiFD6fglYNRCq16Gpvl6lz18cKY/7ql2nF6EEmCyftnYv0N2X8ym4N6bmo5anLE/OPaQEM6zD9O4HKASN7w3hBJsGFPqx2OmNNTcbak9emuXVy71ffvq93+HKrHLzAHNMDJzo4WLIIZ+CcIPyyT7q14gyLvrXBZXF+hxfpxkeJEpHPN8IzSxBG9qj+EMyXxmTICTmLk5psQfm+JcgLegZ9MvKk2XOZbpZ3NYbTBWrp80K61tUZnftCGwd5uH4EmGf6AKtLa4It2koq9ncMhHOPOhHVa8EqsWVn4/h2sUZzQPFbiPmKXFabH0crjSP9wEgHZyHedli7WoOWIo8XRyhotErRwGBVEYEsiAAXBJA/dN9VeRCJ77aWSrWBaaQJAZVAsfCurVcXb4JSoY4a8Eb9B3QexWVLLk+9WjZ9qxQG6NVumhVYSGyPk72mX2tW91FuvpbMhRObyy8qInhQU78EVYx5OQUt1ZowAlKNT9REgxt863g3fw/y9CYdNBAwFAEPgR28I+XoYIJKIWE7+M0eYDBtgMkTgzjf22HY6cDyHPTr+mRX7BX6E7UeQtiaOnah2DrT7wf37oW7fi/KeAzXkLG2gyp4ScsKE7EJ/jlYeQ+DCCew3ESzCpETEdGJTNZ+XeN/EmLK4vux/WbHt5ZATkc7Vr90VycPLyR+4srtdnt77Sxr7XWwqGzETBEDxvkhkKr/ju0fZ45/FXDB3EKyQvRJlmHcR9dMHeE/y34NIWfNW22GTlo4m6hlvwDnlZNS5NFiBNlWySS1AoMTff2BWj6iP6HqDKVl9i54yh6lhbmbXu7uCDaV7TVWQKT6FJ+hxtPLYy+3Ut1kmziY0v/ijcQKGgj8fJ9DB45uCLGbnR8QZzXptVyjQt7fBrMAX9g9RvoURzeLPzB0XTgZMZkL0soq0Nr8xczqdmCcJYHS7z2S53t0ZaCjbZ97ZU0zL4V848sbqAEcrj73UjsASWQss2awFpCj/HXSTqK0itLaYd56fCLxg3ozoad+39451mNsVJ+XnWrVP+fkxV6xVDHj1T9MESCe8EkQdIvtLAA5jPp+HXHZIWRJOI2NMOKYNB0VEfaFCpJNB6hhOQcORquy3x2ZCn55/T9yfUZ9R85as5a9liDQuWioarS/0Qej7IfIcNtL+ekQv69Y0/iKHrwu+dkabD+9TF8L+jQTImpbThmhUfCsTZnDR//R2uoMkypybj+cTyYfIliptfE5VI/rpPo8f3h8GuGykNtAR/U4gjQ0jETz891xf5dBSkkTaijEt0Obp+Rb5xViYpCwlH+iHuCT4LNloMCwnljHS2ggZM/q2pqiffe/Of92S7Q0tjY74SB5HK2PysZ/P03Q1Dktk3aO58Q8hNRD8WuMTWnME6HBBG7WG59yEfHXID4ivjKSTP3P2jBe/JLz3ku0h/SzFtrMhV+QYZfP+B9RPeXZE2pkmkUcP6QM516HisiwnpKLRgi4c1hRlTeISMPo2lQBUtMCPr7tQ2VEiHLAUaW2tOFNGJHS0pIRmj8cHEc4JiFyHQrMC07CWj4/H5zLr7DIpZ488XPN+yI5gEx5nbdsQ8po1Ujs0awYt1WrBixt72y4cexRuaKtFWhvkP5OQ47DcVpSwzgJklugFwal3ZpCmptKOMeGbp9EbomnQM/IiRuduNPgwQFz03FPRYnDWw6l6RM7BSuosGVXqYX7aLTfjNsPvNfgH2pCgx6Bd/KMaon6JDuJ+40B0w2EgYnYGz45Yf0LOT3jKE+ZdnumsVipLc4Ge4aMo8hwexH2peRtqqW6aRZ7DPgSP0FAo5GF+TADKKFOZn86ZUFM+PZN8hyL6G3tmDFgQjwhsMYJdEF+S+IEWbnIV0gAd3zPrW8h4mZt6kSKG2n3y3m17Qsm+lSyCWd6tDjnLLsqXjpeE7IaGj9dg4KHp3eqiUFkDmFIpZEPev9Oeg3S0r5S8pSZSL4dCG/R0NO9Wr0G7PHm7uibE+QQ3IOr40JkVyvSlmlBlWZ78Y0UNbQdNzpE4LdZMz3Mo0s40y6rIyYd1AU0PNOjrkUdP5LBzIkBgzrJmiu7L/OD9aJru/F6oCuP2qxi3CJ8hxBke/92vEC2s5Sc0HtebLyCNTXM4JyByHQYbeXzOtamPL8pyf4EyJ8oQ8NOQyzkRg9s/NUELOPiodG8eA8Igy+dU70Hq6Gf5mPG1m2BQUXO1c1qWz/ssyGeuqAb5ArUchjgmOMdFyevjI8059c5dpKmpKs03faAY9C7TVFROxOjcjZznkHm9k+9Kmt+xr3Q95yoM1Of8V2StaaFQCGtRlkU1lwKB60j7wqZjllfxFuRO7lfpwDsWMiOY5AbCiY0np/40Xb5bRaVb8gjfaw6crUaexhPldKdgnE6A1i7Q8rwB+vlMX6F+lOFbz4HlL7wUDmDhVDeT+OQep5z5MKQEpHrICjkHJz12pPiRNE0iAkveeP2lQENDgRnCjfEn5LYne9HWJNpmTR4FrS2rzCcURTM9H8V9gIscP56JXvxrpLFxmw1eqi89ftxhf4ne/k+lNBpEXse9CMw5OvX4vRf+ftmbD86KdDb8Ph5fs408OTKJz+dxapiwcSlBHrtZbaIzE4Og8HUDDSNxNicgMdLD8IAMRJCUNyzk6IjQAeQDjOmLqOfovtwpvo2hdTIIcjBGC7RR4uH+UEqFaWI+/BJONH5MP8EzUhcYsvjXh+L/4TnFzTn68PHLP2YOPCYwWzplTGdOPnRahNDkTfwvIsVwpDKn95mrPvGtO/91M9IHxczdSAkUZiyiKp5r3ZkGm5R3nG9EvsLZ30oWaWKwbrH7CrKaI41QsnkuZXmqtUu4R6POWMqzM/BA3oQ0MxHxHtL21gLLjGM48CBbjpYtn6lEEd3IySdvxFgbjYncwvgwdaZTxnkDOdik2TibIqUNVhXRDuI2AC2R4WYj9jX/Cy/UV2inQ6e56pIsrPBRjOY5KpWOfh/JzZy6J2pO8TkOjaoUtESqnmZdOBycwbGZKzC/ZoPAV2doU7TbKNLV2KO0htxM81dsFjkXPXpOQ1G+GmAPmsL2rSEuFxQHHq7E3Joj6/FVJE0QqmPrbrUK+a7A1zVi+JlnBInb/Z6J55kNek/iPxcf6BKzfF+dpU0J+MLdZlqxgrAftKjX+IfB3Vz14fYl+6nTlks/69lLpXFBIreyN5mamo3d94nYo5wWRsgs6qskt7I3o53u4h9VPoAvmGyEjMNnBGlfzuhpccR+A48bUL/BYAZ9uXqhZcZXUvBeNG3AXjDofgU3hESWK/d7D8yxYx0mzkqTuKwpis/DxHkDOZgkWj5nYWBb4TLko9GiDRtpI/8LC/xPSH0TXjOkw5mzfta6Cv/EaJlFpdIRMkW9i78aE5apxmv0E9/mT++DVzR4Fby/ajT89MisflS9hcrKPhLpa2LowS+R/m4DuZoMiSO9D77WtwH0RAlotX4aR/9P78+a2xkAxBge6FN6nzvqD+6DwNuvuM07Lz6mVSazpgHEg/sg8ErZFvPRLY9gftbCRc48BC3s1fB8/iOScgjVWa/+1BU115/RYQzzt40uVuRpz39E8jbjxyW+rSxn/fz2O/TR5/KyhAEps2aTKchIYJElwN9O1oAhgG3myUjgOZSA4YuoCl9EJAZeB+3iSSRAxlyj8aK/uxXBWfjiRnxeb+Qv45c9p++QoEFfQu/Q51D6sVOKToVDr18MvfHTn87SRD73QshMcJYEcEZhwq0yK/3/i96xfEnHflhJ7f2/EOlrjBQ0T1tsPtwHfWM76debJGgvDZ9HcMH3AXJ6/l5PebNYfoYCeDIw3PlBVu7539KXH5lFPsQMOHzaK58ZT7gZrI0Chvx3HTy4jK/iZESUkcDzI4FxGmwfwXRKyYmobVX4Jcb6SuZY2ZuzD8Eq+8gOkxCDQAaWI3C+9PJn2uLM0M+PbJ7uTAyAaO1pl6vW++nA1T1PFOn8dLnPjLZ0ErhO53BGVWkr7c0/T0q9lvR66cabm7KFPykp9dORYw3CL5FBoPE5Pa+yk84LkzdA4yIlsoCi5vEr7duyftL/Md0jedmDT7QvpmTA4bPaAX+h42r+q8g0Dy9FI78lq7g5yCTzZCTwPErguhepl2uQtBk+wuwdGH+nu2+uhJ8kfAkP58JPUhU5DNkXz4Y+l6fxjd6olDfPo3ye5pzEF1FoBW3c+JBuwewZDgZ/mkxkxvrOSeB6fxkp1fhmMfwaP5flGF/Dp81s2C/xCPwSx5TAFfjp8n1QBP4uIJjLZI58g3kxeENcx7JXV/yJPmF/gagnAw4XQ7oZGmlLYJb/qtFzib/ZnDaDmYYZCSySBIzPB2o+iexHmdhvjmsHABA3wq9vY8RpS/S5BQe4DIBZpAXJkMlIIE4CHIUMJ0RqEk577CcZl7HkGUlM+CXis4Wvhh1VNf7iAdxSspcBh0sp3QztjAQyEshIICOBjAQyEshI4M9MAv8fLZRXSueFt3EAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Gram molecular mass of water is 18g.
Question 6.One mole of any substance contains 6.023 x 1023particles.
If 3.0115 x 1023 particles are present in CO2, find the number of moles.
Answer:Number of particles in one mole of any substance is 6.023 x 1023
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Note:
1. If a compound or molecular substance is taken, like CO2, N2 etc, then 1
mole of the substance contains Avogadro number of molecules. 1 mole contains the mass equal to molecular weight of substance.
2. If a element is taken like C, S, Fe, then 1 mole contains Avogadro
number of atoms. 1 mole contains the mass equal to atomic weight of substance.
Question 7._________ have equal number of neutrons.
i) Isobars ii) Isotones
iii) Isotopes iv) Mass Numbers
Answer:isotones
These are the atoms of different elements with same number of neutrons. Example : 6C13 and 7N14
Number of neutrons is obtained by subtracting atomic number from atomic mass number.
Number of neutrons in 6C13 is (13-6) 7.
Number of neutrons in 7N14 is (14-7) 7.
● Isobars are the atoms of different elements having same mass number but different atomic numbers.
● Isotopes are the atoms of same element with same atomic number but
different mass number.
● Mass numbers is the sum of protons and neutrons.
Question 8.Classify the following based on atomicity:
i) Chlorine ii) Neon
iii) Phosphorous iv) Ozone
Answer:● chlorine is diatomic because its molecule contains 2 atoms of chlorine. Cl2
● neon is monoatomic because its molecule contains 1 atom of neon. Ne
● Phosphorous is polyatomic because its molecule contains 4 atoms of
phosphorous. If a molecule contains more than 3 atoms in its molecule its polyatomic. P4
● ozone is triatomic because its molecule contains 3 atoms of oxygen. O3
Question 9.Identify and correct the mistake in each of the following:
i) The molar volume of gas at STP is 22.4 cm3.
ii) 2 x R.M.M. = V.D.
iii) An atom cannot exist independently.
iv) The ratio of atoms in a molecule may be integral or simple or may not be fixed.
v) H2O is a homo atomic molecule.
Answer:(i) The molar volume of gas at STP is 22.4 litres (not cm3.)
(ii) 2 x V.D = R.M.M
(iii) An atom may or may not exist independently. Atoms like Fe, Na
can exist independently.
(iv) The ratio of atoms in a molecule may be fixed and integral but
may not be simple.
(v) H2O is a hetero atomic molecule. It contains more than one type
of atoms i.e hydrogen and oxygen. So, it’s a hetero atomic molecule , not homo atomic molecule.
Question 10.Give a single term substitute for each of the following:
i) 6.023 x 1023 molecules ii) 22.4 litres of gas at STP
iii) 1/12th part of the mass of one atom of carbon
iv) The half of relative molecular mass
v) Molecular mass / atomic mass
Answer:(i) 1 mole of a compound or molecular substance / Avogadro number of molecules.
(ii) Molar volume
(iii) One atomic mass unit
(iv) Vapour density
(v) atomicity
From the given examples, form the pair of isotopes and the pair of isobars:
18Ar40, 17Cl35, 20Ca40, 17Cl37
Answer:
● Isotopes are the atoms of same chemical element having different
atomic mass. This means they differ in neutron number. For ex- 17Cl35 and 17Cl37. Here both atoms are chlorine atoms and have atomic number 17. So, each atom has 17 electrons and 17 protons. But the former one has atomic mass 35 and the latter one has atomic mass 37. This implies that former one has 18 neutrons (35-17) and latter one has 20 neutrons (37-17). Hence, they are isotopes.
● Isobars are the atoms of different elements having same atomic mass.
This implies that the sum of protons and neutrons in each atom is same. For ex- 18Ar40 and 20Ca40. Here, the former one is argon atom and latter one is calcium. Their atomic numbers are different. But their atomic mass is same i.e. 40. This implies that the number of nucleons in both atoms is same, even though the proton, electron and neutron numbers are different.
Question 2.
Molecular mass of Nitrogen is 28. Its atomic mass is 14. Find the atomicity of Nitrogen.
Answer:
Atomicity is the number of atoms in the molecule of an element. Molecular mass is calculated by adding up the masses of respective atoms present in the molecule. Nitrogen molecule contains only nitrogen atoms. Given -
Mass of molecule of nitrogen = 28
Mass of atom of nitrogen = 14
Let number of atoms in the molecule = x
So,
Hence, the atomicity of nitrogen is 2. 2 atoms of nitrogen make one
molecule of nitrogen.
Question 3.
Gram molecular mass of Oxygen is 32 g. Density of Oxygen is 1.429 g/litre. Find the gram molar volume of Oxygen.
Answer:
Given - Gram molecular mass of Oxygen = 32 g
Density of Oxygen = 1.429 g/litre
Gram molar volume of Oxygen = ?
Formula used is -
Question 4.
‘Cl’ represents Chlorine atom, ‘Cl2’ represents Chlorine molecule.
List out any two differences between atoms and molecules.
Answer:
Note –
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Question 5.
Calculate the gram molecular mass of water from the values of gram atomic mass of Hydrogen and of Oxygen.
Gram atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1 g
Gram atomic mass of Oxygen = 16 g
Answer:
If the molecular mass of a given substance is expressed in grams, it is known as gram molecular mass of that substance. Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of the substance.
One molecule of water is H2O, which contains 2 hydrogen and one oxygen atoms. So, molecular mass is sum of atomic masses of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Gram molecular mass of water is 18g.
Question 6.
One mole of any substance contains 6.023 x 1023particles.
If 3.0115 x 1023 particles are present in CO2, find the number of moles.
Answer:
Number of particles in one mole of any substance is 6.023 x 1023
Note:
1. If a compound or molecular substance is taken, like CO2, N2 etc, then 1
mole of the substance contains Avogadro number of molecules. 1 mole contains the mass equal to molecular weight of substance.
2. If a element is taken like C, S, Fe, then 1 mole contains Avogadro
number of atoms. 1 mole contains the mass equal to atomic weight of substance.
Question 7.
_________ have equal number of neutrons.
i) Isobars ii) Isotones
iii) Isotopes iv) Mass Numbers
Answer:
isotones
These are the atoms of different elements with same number of neutrons. Example : 6C13 and 7N14
Number of neutrons is obtained by subtracting atomic number from atomic mass number.
Number of neutrons in 6C13 is (13-6) 7.
Number of neutrons in 7N14 is (14-7) 7.
● Isobars are the atoms of different elements having same mass number but different atomic numbers.
● Isotopes are the atoms of same element with same atomic number but
different mass number.
● Mass numbers is the sum of protons and neutrons.
Question 8.
Classify the following based on atomicity:
i) Chlorine ii) Neon
iii) Phosphorous iv) Ozone
Answer:
● chlorine is diatomic because its molecule contains 2 atoms of chlorine. Cl2
● neon is monoatomic because its molecule contains 1 atom of neon. Ne
● Phosphorous is polyatomic because its molecule contains 4 atoms of
phosphorous. If a molecule contains more than 3 atoms in its molecule its polyatomic. P4
● ozone is triatomic because its molecule contains 3 atoms of oxygen. O3
Question 9.
Identify and correct the mistake in each of the following:
i) The molar volume of gas at STP is 22.4 cm3.
ii) 2 x R.M.M. = V.D.
iii) An atom cannot exist independently.
iv) The ratio of atoms in a molecule may be integral or simple or may not be fixed.
v) H2O is a homo atomic molecule.
Answer:
(i) The molar volume of gas at STP is 22.4 litres (not cm3.)
(ii) 2 x V.D = R.M.M
(iii) An atom may or may not exist independently. Atoms like Fe, Na
can exist independently.
(iv) The ratio of atoms in a molecule may be fixed and integral but
may not be simple.
(v) H2O is a hetero atomic molecule. It contains more than one type
of atoms i.e hydrogen and oxygen. So, it’s a hetero atomic molecule , not homo atomic molecule.
Question 10.
Give a single term substitute for each of the following:
i) 6.023 x 1023 molecules ii) 22.4 litres of gas at STP
iii) 1/12th part of the mass of one atom of carbon
iv) The half of relative molecular mass
v) Molecular mass / atomic mass
Answer:
(i) 1 mole of a compound or molecular substance / Avogadro number of molecules.
(ii) Molar volume
(iii) One atomic mass unit
(iv) Vapour density
(v) atomicity
Part-b
Question 1.Modern atomic theory takes up the wave concept, principle of uncertainty and other latest discoveries to give a clear-cut picture about an atom. State the findings of modern atomic theory.
Answer:● An atom is the smallest particle which takes part in chemical reaction.
● An atom is considered to be a divisible particle.
● The atoms of the same element may not be similar in all respects.
ex: Isotopes (17Cl35, 17Cl37 )
● The atoms of different elements may be similar in some respects.
ex. Isobars ( 18Ar40 , 20Ca40 )
● The ratio of atoms in a molecule may be fixed and integral but may not be simple. Ex.C12H22O11 is not a simple ratio. (Sucrose)
● The atoms of one element can be changed into the atoms of another element by transmutation.
● The mass of an atom can be converted into energy. This is in accordance with Einstein’s equation E = mc2 where E = energy, m = mass and c = velocity of light
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)
Question 2.How will you establish the relation between vapour density and molecular mass of a gas by applying Avogadro’s law?
Answer:Relative Molecular Mass: It is defined as the ratio of the mass of 1 molecule of the gas or vapour to the mass of 1 atom of hydrogen.
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)
Vapour Density (V.D): It is defined as the ratio of the mass of a certain volume of the gas or vapour to the mass of the same volume of hydrogen at the same temperature and pressure.
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUYAAAAvCAYAAACfW2PWAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAB4mSURBVHhe7V1NbBtXkq7m5q6cV8cluRhZVwVQK2drSC4wCrDWALpQcxDluYQtIDqZoUxaOTGISJ9EeoGYFxpQLgpgktZex1SAKLdRZITkHn0f5a7u/eq9/iWbbFJ/VqxuwIDFfl2vql51db2qelWfFAoFCq+QAyEHQg6EHHA48EnIjJADIQdCDoQc8HIgVIwfmUTk82tGZTNNWu1YUKaWe7R83lDuCplrM0dGTGPcVCr3OnTeKN4Z3K7Co7vO96vQdh+fvZeKMZ9fMDaVJNXMFc+0DJo9GX5BnZf47ikYP2EVL+dSjLT5FhUKJwrjnx4j1WsLM0Zp94Dm6renoBrny4rRmjeU5OlH875Ny/ePhvCPmJB7qRiLxROlakAbmsqxtluhXidvNIqOcpTKc+dOWl0j5bHfpAMYY5lcgujkhFgJLVNjaHh+DbSlkxQT5GWoFcXwj1jIb5y0Cfl+43iEE1wbB+6lYnS4p1ImQ1SrHVCzn/UytX1INdzMnNboD2Pb9M6IN6nzY8QjvzZjLJW6lKsbtN1coph2bbJ0fwFNwPf7y5w/JuX3XDESzW3nKFNL0kGzT8vmGlpbo0yuxVqTaNW7uHy/3y5RerdGx9KVR2qmRcuzJ7a/jK2ySnqXNGsAfGpqJkf1aoLYMg2677tVhlLbTGtkug9JVctQcFk6gZ8uv/DeWEpK50AtKdAw/FwExca5sjwLC7FRpNgMGUFia28TTTopU6ZeNUvRfoWWoFXlz7A6jSqdCLpG4zhqLsZdEbg7fkehwE34Fh3OOMwIg3+7u0lpDWvg4v/azHtj8Df3vF788GEs12k2wAc7jqZJ+c58bMP3u4vFs1hp44V17HXAU+qTn1wd15IRZI+ItcqvfaZX0s8UP7mC4R8pFotDa5pf+1TfTGeVQblJRilSwPj8Z+/1SKKm8IOZpk7bvccmX7Ee3bekxRQ5Lr+mVz6PK1rHnAKy0IUsxCALn8c1kj9nqKnvU1L5P0HLOt6Rjv2ONEnSAlgLmDOFOQ2e4yXFW3+jXa1jrqUzzuIR1kB/vL6lVM25VXWPci81SsQkzW54eybO1K9cfB7fUjqGIejaV/5O/5aqEv4Uf3/V+zv9basKvFWynrH4d+8VI1GCVthq1EqUM6oGv9yEBdUIwoodaWngbXb7k3qdqhDm9maMkrVdWu11DA4m2GMYhtERYyoYo512AS1BQfdHKUVWFPOtHhVOGqZiTVIydsZKycCCKp1WRigYWyGeFIP0XuD9YhFzdXoGtKDkCV4Ey+Ug5yOPUhyHo+Ctz1U8mVV6ZRVBGecmK3CLHutXHmf0ykJhnu5uUrNeRWBpVqmLgA4QUTPGTG6blgvWb86aSKUila3FQ/axppMxJsDw8zH7PSM/aNPzXcpIRgScliEjrMBjUOrWWkFGbP+wI1dxIVflrqFrUAAG9S8qS1BMtEddyFVMyFVcyJUBufKXm0/1pXhWmW9C9pKxiNF7c1FJJxQhN3pVT+bzESoWI3qvIsadfvOYSuBhvTVH6dSBByRkIZJ/29WhBRXNAA77UIqsjBvnxttmBoqOlNcXUilCgZL24DV131YppuAdeRynVPUb0JIALeac4pmacrD+LZTcP6iTVSL99uZFPJVS1L2uvqPlpUKGUmQF9+D1b5KGfvuisp5SUvF39Frf1/OgAfIf6e6penyLbBkDXpG3zQ0xBxMSSexHjO6fhLJkOr998hV93/wT/Q10DgpmqBhZVQnNWKPDdpVgTFH7sEbqag8KrTcka6wo8OZRAV65RlF65vLbZUOtaXSG4fw84bkzfCXVcspWIjzmwI6EBN0fFvF2CdYZW6VQiny32DhR8nXAxItu4R2o5S45gGleW1UNTfO6HPrdU9BYF5Yig74KjtE4OwAmd1rM56p2RDuaWiWVI92r23Ru8kf+5l4TEz9YZ/VElBpYumgiRauqRtphmwpy4Yauq9BkAZMfQjh0MysOztkVykAx1sy5R8iVrr7IKmd9mDhxsNjo09lPBql7Sf4TllfDgFzpB2lDGRXaf1PK0vFGi46TcWF1FhsUydcr+gGU4OGbfSgaPOlOZV79CjuOaGS2cG4sP12m81fPPLdZOa6tLupb2QOl1f+SrUlxv987pcW9OqUisC6BFz18it9/oVfPfpHvyFdlXa2BFn6loE3d1/wTKFPbKt2mPfUFbf3QpG5W02NQeu1NBTQ0qZOKCWsTn/tI/uWe/gMU3I/tfUrhm8g4TCVDj5jOWGS2eG48NOl0mxGhYuQVSmxTWa2JF8TYZqsiA+sRGxMfxTiJbuHgzkpGNWr4zLMVk6tvQ5E1lGXs1WFtCRBB993zyEAQK1rAO3eFSaJx4U887fZNhTwJdpcbYykay+UgcTqClRzFyw7BvwM4zsdHR5Ec/JyPFSujhXkYW7C41qre4Jt4mW+BJnVuYE3HLE+x+HPkiw1Vr2lxRVUz+sLaNinRaKSwXOTA4dCT+fxn+maEYH1FsUXlfa45xiU3g1pqPoaxrqF+6ESTf8VHJ0sHrT5BM1LeWMA8R8rqb/9Bx+yqv8JGhRXvwgNDxzfS1PVt/ccXCi1+F/PiZdLwT8g+tOrUQs2yMuTScEEJFSOvo20RHdImWy2mFZTAi+HHceljbBKnupzCh7gjg9eeoMfJ7LLSQ1oK+yGTMfjPoCBb2Hpb1lXQ/clWOkZzKoxdfIbZb3ijV9S0rg6aVEcEH/4DBKdyVAjMQ7xFHCdgwDFeZLwQA+t6NuUncDqabAWMbfGM6W7pc3AP+GZcynwSufp5djnSa8/r6Wc1bIeFXOkLkCsYTWLbOQELMCRKc4sK5AZKheL4N+Xpt2iSHrGlfdCirp7VscWiFxs5MuJsLUoc2B+Jd0QZfEceTIBgjIX6xTusiTFoXLqejtGfWPbfwQRVoBinJCEIjVAxmhyyLKJajQMA0goapRStXMFepyO2yh3TdzU4vgGf2DK23fUc+7I0Sm6ueLZsQfeDFs/esq9ObnUEw/QfIXyNuYyhJaUS6cHdkFmpirSg8ZfpNrgFHCehbVTCOz5YkzxujpmepkS1R+VT+Gmx9cRl7CDQlIG/2PJten3XllxJ/+CQXP08GxFy9fWnejqRVViusC+EcphUO5hb8tUBS3JCDghf45MNfSt1prAs9A9f0MbKPtUgDmwt2kEa4WOELxTbfuo/h29vmBa/KXvsh1p8BKU4Lve/R+942H8PWJIT0hA0LFSMJofY2Z/LkJGk3PjTGByYOYbyrMvosq/yZEUJf2IdkUYe0zgxYZtbNhHRHXN/GK5poZjWmn2/3xVeuXFbyCABmOp+An4x2CaHlTns38u0jReBfXXyuiM4jiRoOivvumnqV9J0AL91Ydl1CunE9fWdSK6gKOFPZLkyI9CRrzOkJ067StcwdBEI8ViNpmXIlp2RxX0RpEAMx5GbcdvJsbIBWdigFP34nGVhj7b3FTL1Ijtzaet4kcrfJ6QvVARQPp1I1KRSfapAqCkeQcDJiF3AMlRqLp/jtdEwBqN7rhiPXQETGD+zBYWDKmOv2By+9TU7vUckS5d2hx851qjUTgnfn0yoFhrMTNWZMWjM/UFgjrWmUbqSEmlFVnT0WAQT3ApqIvlzDToldtNMcknfKT4eCGqw5eVW4NPj6OU9WXwttZHSlDei/TZtpo+G0RqTM+jna7V+c/BL0vtWD1FoWMDsEqmUkHmw7ZuyMz1N/ly0gy8DaV+e0aPkanBz/BPLFU5twa9m9OBDTMOsYiWi8DZWpvRYl7DsvoZll9CU9UoSIief4aj08WKZXiagzPCEMJb7vxLiOmNzYL2wTyIrG4ae0jRlsdylGJSYtY2m2AP5jlg+yN6C/ri0i9Qcf/7UvnlO3QQUNwIt/cqmUKrfQalq0LSOdboFGlKShrUFnaPSx4vf0fdMA8AKe1/w8AX98G2bUvtJHe8IPV7/X5GeY19CfgwK2tLfS8XoORKIqBxSJobSNTxjOIhS7hl85lhaliqUg/RVHb1v4UXOUQlbGc4fZFj4ZCLaqdIBhBdeIIN9kKrI/2MrkxVvPOD+sACJlBakx3B6CcCZMFsmTJnHKHMBZR6jH018zzrTe4CkNtM1Krd3qmpkVoNz+mQEnyiXjcJf6sUzCEcxvwfPJU5fESlONl/BxxjcGZlyjrbrq3QaO7bpqcY4d1JibdEofzPzKbEm8+C/32+8ZZVpQZKHcl2O5DygBWmdvlcQTZPw3fFhD/s3Of+Vc1s53cpXrl6wXEWwnrrOVvnqIssV+wVJZ9eaJVdRaDjAGKKhiG13t53BlpvD2tYzUm6svEfOc1yK74g8xloqgo8eUmV2kCpj+gv9OWNmc7wgevIlUpEQdLGmLzb+FXmCIFEKQSKec6nUpJf7Ofr2RUrARw6hvgMlmIefmi9QROsRsYY65JD2mi9F7qRl/WINIl2k9qynAG8LNPAzmSb9tg9ZgUVqj0N6zpONRT1VSylxlqG9J/TVy0d0GocM8bz/s6cvbbwQilLQySlBwMPPN3svFSNbPrPwx9geGZ98v6ExLqcjB04KBSsdnNN2kKZjwQMsofsQgl7mf7ZUndsRaU61GXd/lCAKnyTmcWA6KUP8AntKyI3IYRRpIbPAC/g7cMwZRzlWXQjJeWBdj/DJjcORwQziCaVoQ/fwFdH3BnaaNr0mXz30T/GbNUkDeY8eGDyPmXZ1U3wXH1mk6wwm3OeRR7mUTFJpBWf1MbmvXD015fTkWaBcjcSffZIj5EasCRTZMuax5eH8FWekBV6ssJ4+JfrlWRGJOd4LtESe2u8Ip+3gHcFgAfYXpADxAwvymfknb/lDZyuo309eSVpdF+Qq8hA4PrR/c1KB3OM88/6OMZChh5hXPPf+d4GDTefvoHPEB/FeKsbAFQ8HhBy4Rg70K7s4rYTTQfIIu3Mlbi/d6hrJuRegPpk52jFEFShxuY5kWZVa7HvOsS8/zgwdHbMH4SicOo+ja9s4hnZ3yl/di9UNibwTHJCJxzXareBUjomRdUQQsX1q+bgl7gTi9xiJT86XC0prfsdIijQVp/zU0FEwM8I6ildyfMs444o18JsUzHPDzhEqnCYx/XT3mN8h6feQA7afchf+YZlpjdxXJOzA79zq4az7iOyGj5lV7Nf8nP2apr/P8jtOnot5s9wRW2nrSJxzpM2aVOZrZVrO+djx6MiUCPcljq5ZZ221tH2e+GbJCqGHHLhbHLByVvn0k3Odi2Ie9/Fiv6bHZ2j5He8IM6SPUeSnOec2bdxEdr6Pb2RK5IU1aZ7r1ZCOMepc6pRgw+EhB0IOhBy4EQ6YwRfT0hs4MyqKKSBf7VpMffNs4/GIc6k3Ql0INORAyIGQA5fggFCMftVTZB6fahcJuATsgUeGt9lBMBfes+8zaBTf/7j6h0xCcTgm5EDIgZvjgJ2uM1g9hQ+G19RVwrFhn+L4N4eQG7I4iTJBPhU/486HC8IOju8JD9sHQQrvhxwIOfAxcsDJYxyonsI10Lgm4ajzwNMzQwZyYNx98AuJ0ONOp39w/EIEQg6EHPiwHLAVo7OdRvUUnFM9RLVhrkl4DUWgJYXmwXV11amHF0R6uJUO4lB4P+RAyIGb4IDn5Iu1nd5Nn6JadI5mrzG/SlRCZl9ganRJr0ECb2orfROMDGGGHAg58PFwwHsk0NpOo/iq1YLTTapdWMGVwO1lhblddrWpsxO8Uaor07q9/sUfzxKFlIQcCDlw2xzwKEa70jCaHm1PWcrKOhIogsiokMIVYPi/OzvcHQ8Z/mY3u9smMJzvchywqvBoZmu5UQVeLwf96k+tiQZY0mntPrF1dcgfFsIw37tcaktUuln79EiPZ49RBYc763W4q8AUVbuD6RLdApPcuU920XMXdgh++uMaMVREQmxfZ51KMG5ynYozwzUL7WY+QyVbGMLHl+HvKUsGCv1alTLlzgvMPVvQgiCgVeddEC93NelC4QQd7Y4MLic56uJue1zCfq5+ezuCxvmyYqB1hJKcvIHWXeDtOByG+A5F6O5z1fjXckRHW4NI4vRGgodcokw3O/fddV7dNH5hdZ1Lcpg/ElUDzY35bDgbybsV9Ab2NlSSylPWD/yjKEWBbL9JB3wUNCfLwbASWvZJ2pIFeFETT5CIE1Kje1Fdksv37LFBvkMRMt8nKQF2bZwSRWbDK1SMV5YB+E5F91Vva1EBlnNBcTNzWpuiMeiVEbo6gDFVsi3gokdzqYuqSWh831wid0/oqyNwTyFMwPd7yplbJztUjNfA8rntHGXgV7VaizJIa1uUybVEz2oaKGsvO8KViLsIItYlrUruG21WJRIwRHP3XfSYsWq/sb82Jyo+c35p0H0/0lihbaY11Ac050RrhJzL/8sVqZdclcAxyvBzE3DFbe5MyEUQYjODXfeGZx4qSycqmqN3Cfe/sSpws9VpyE6KQXj60mZXB3eVzzMblTG5Fh3uqtv823Z3k9Lo8Sw8luYarM28NwZ/c8/pxY8rjgdXPx9Hkz/fTT+fbyXtPrU203rS9gFLX6Rh9C8qS3FFEz1QmaAydVEZK8Z8jiMzRPzs+CgNNKnaTGcVSx6O3sNedB1/AF6iYb3ld9zuPTZ5xTDeikrbgzBUlqmXWUrAB2pV1+ZeLu3H68putTPctpRxfAscRdOsysXj9S2l2mEkuAr3S0IbYtk3ZgiXv9P6VpV4KFf0Pkap86Cq45O+7qFinJRTY8cl0Cca+k8rIfezaoiz5dzcCEGsHnajpYFnvR3hqigx30c3UpSHR3vNVbPUvz2GYRgdMaaCMRrOmqPqh614xRw+90cpRVZC8+hOV+CeJ0LxJtHe9YwVksCbS2R10EKB2yTYCvEaklmHythBKVqHB+R85FGKQXj60SdbF6gIyjh3WYFb9Fi/8jijV0b/cI1OdzepWa/C9zur1EVAB4ig1e1MDrUTC9ZvzrrIDxb3Hnf4yD5WbpcAAoZaZFhzDj4zyHtubTDMd1S69j35dUwH65A1+HSNKstOnJLaOgdkUPY/GjE63QtoQUWjPakUuUlW49wAfOGf3DMDN6zQuAvhfBMyhebzQqlu8nNO7xeu0q13KygRllVOv3lMJfCl3pqjdOpAkIamObin0YPXJox++4L7sSTjZ9TU9/U8WgewcmT5TiE3eq/7DzqGMu0937yIZ2vKhhnkeSUbZgHWlvLg9W8Cn167crGe+k8lE78QLQhwdhm4lMUYxqX5cp/eZvfRJ2bpIr6VUkTpsqR/q4JpX/NQMU7LsRHjrdJth+2qKFMvCnDg5FDUp2OxHahC4y2rrH5+u2yoNc3VnMts0Vl2EuJ5zIEdBQm6P4yoyCVliwhKke+KknBm1SML72tihy8YvzP5PLDfPYVhU7eLlVwFT1kUdvKAzHyuaneFlHm8sBtXt+nc5JGV2+suySfwE03I0CsGcchowuy5fTi6ctRVaPJj5nxun/vMw0JqGPkvNnSlVlPO+jCd0BalWGhE1v66qG9lzxTzJ9FSgPkMxzGhFYtonPXm/Q7JplgxsykWmmetoHnWi5p/cGf1K0Sqo5HZwrmx/HSZztGvoP1+Rz/eaCqdlIyco4haJP+yrP8ARfpje59S+M5A44nOf0bmL+bcRSOaR0Uv7QVVf2yTGAQE26Us8NlDgyvgw0SDr4/ULdpyjbF4Mf9kX1ir50KhYt22fiJufMZMuY4rVIzXwUWxiNtUVmuk4eUwttmikCeHuPfzZS7ZkU81sI0QFgxXQC+iAjrX84OlJUAG3XfPKwNBvLMa6EFtVj3y67B3GbyDnhk8ky/xOrKLldwFPMe1o3Xwcz5YdprbiMpR10+TSnNRLCbvNlkUog9ocUCVRZN/pUUtS4dv9qEsFMobUE5LR8oeWkpqaJyVpzf6ZoQUdS8pW5xa2/UxwZf5GPpQW3NiWtAFGIqyuCeafDlXFE3J0Lzwnz0oKu7YNaYygTonn2VYjxnWdym75Sp+jiw8MHRoPKWrJ/WYAqsRLoGhy5ThfwYJ3xT3Q8U4BbPGDXWsoUPaZIvFtIASePH9npM+xiZxmsspfIjcSZAvV268aI7UQ0oK+yGTMfgpoSBbHemD47FB9ycj7TL9lieD7Dtq4Ew+9oEIUOWogE6B46HeMp4BJHIbT+4S6R2G47RTseYGaYom0VFQw4f6DTCCRfYmgwZ7q/QbvtVo6HfDV4zQC5qqbGZjI88tUFnBKbVvsI1P6FosH1njdQf7Nixla2J0vIUOiOgEaHWwlD+/A18NQLqRLCVfXoSK8RpFxLKGaqJNxOijj14fY0f42jqm32oQHavycz3HfiyNkpsrnkK/QfeDyTO35KsDlmTwg5ca4fRqlkqkB5dDZgUbJ0+XKD/Qt4tnEHGj0q9GdU/0h3dzNLEyktvpQ6WpGwh8RGgjd2Fbh/n8Z0EkXuF+j97hq6E+cizJRLVHe7/GsZWOMFw9xoEV+DbtJPK8bBmIlqYyoR1bZDcCvzx7JjoRwld7BbwmfzRUjJPzKnCk7I2MhvSUs/1Wvg9xYAZHJMvY1oyqXiSc9fAn1s1eO40TE7a5XRPR3DH3h+Ga1slBEzBd+ZZmcY9x28dAwqcdICrGJ+mwMgd3IE5ZQS+yr05edwhPX7ouY+V9GJqiX35NG1qCdp/P0fzpBq1UFarZW+EozWH/XTvDdhd9zoWTj6/er2JrG9SQ3rtWLerqWbHVFVHofg97JoPcW+/+8zT98AhBlY70RYrnf3kl26ia685WZu0dPpe8/Z6w3OC0ojfp+FAxTsqpkeOOXQET3t7i5BCCKmOv2By+lzU7vUckSpd2hx851qjUTolgjkymxn/m42aqzoyBT+vI+4PAHEtNo3QlJbrVWZFRGUhwK6fLMOWU2Pc9ySX9p/iAaJpIfHcr8enx9PKfLN6ihUa9mjeiqBS1mT4aRmtMzqCfv9X6zcEvSe9bPUShEd1nt0ilhOyDbZr1Odk0PU1BXATNnqjKr/QTVI3bDcMQisWfI19skF7TNAUha0JIxVZKjkW5q+y1erqGoIrRe4PUnWciNcdzjVCWDCP/BMGalKasP0+ypUdGb0HnqHQHQZ3vE4oMoljBl0ej6XJgcXS5K6LL0LAX4KvCfK1lo9KKFOtmeBW3+XEP4to090PFOA23XGM9RwLh3EZqy1CqhmcMB1HMLonSslShGKSf6uh9Cy9xjkrIhcTWQsBCjI5WVZUOEGWDd9FgHySfOe+JHEZWvPGA+8OE2d3qAJPPskuYLROm9PG5c/wsXGZPhv1/1pneAyTAWf4gRAkBUDUyq8E5fTKKT5TzaR06PZ5LfF7aQLFixeYteBmDSyNTztF2fZVOY8c2b6sxzp2UWFs0yt+4AhQurMs81sDvN+aFTAvKiBQduTZHch7QMqq3VRBNfnwHCZ68PHGWOYGcQoH35yI9J6vMIDNnRzg7kcYH2TFTVkyr7M9fZEhhPn+JdDB2Lrp6b0W/rFPz1zQlRSRX1ZdKyJFlXsXBqxRgIf2Ft67o5kdWNz+1DKW1g5QYEz6n83RxjDCdQggHW2Q29jinsLsP/kMRm3mMkbVV3tbLMZY/nVnNY186YyPdvYy+/l8YZwCWyGMEX7WoVLBrM0jVQXQbxFr4fY0t+ONICrmM+BH+SRW2K6f2XLXbYKgYL6kYnXPjJgCfXL+hMecNezYOnBQK1sFyTtshmkXSmthBAJbQfQhBL/M/+ynnDDun2oy7P4os4ZPEPA5MJ2WIn+EXGKkczuMjchhFytEscAMNQ8fjXXSOwkPOw6T6d8mbFk93BXcPb89BH9hu02zy1sODKX6z6Gkg79EDg+cRizb6GkeTH98Hcxj5LPNT14/nryAnLCZPXet54pP7mFmhZESm6LixYyuN19Ajh8wrCx469xWx1fV08zt/NXREEXRFPDjAG/jqmb1HlhFnpOtstJCwngAepv8wv4C8xVRK+fYvIpFdyD746u0e+LuHr7j3lB5aRAA/nubf8Zstsb8Dv2tovBgqxksqxvCxkAN3kQN8wqSylFbgSKZsFIcC4IjeQwI7p+hgb/1BUO4/36VaZ4Ne/xmRav74WlggX9GT1vOB/Ypu5oSK8YOISjhpyIGb5MBPdAAfK6fpaPM4kopE6EFr8SZnH4QdjcH7if38N8+/ohTcFGz0WkcEawYU5pdRsc3/QHrblxWhYrxNCQnnCjlwSxzAuWGccpE+6SisRfj6bmnm4WksP+T6ruNjREM64TNv9nCm2vFFfjAcBycOFeOdWYoQkZADV+eA8Bsuw+cmHL/+dVWvPsv0ENgP+RD10x56HNKyTmtADsf0k13DE6FivAYmhiBCDoQc+Lg48P+BtXVihKCw7QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
Applying Avogadro’s Law,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Since hydrogen is diatomic,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2 x V.D = relative molecular mass of a gas or vapour
2 x Vapour density = Relative molecular mass
Question 3.Calculate the number of moles in:
i) 12.046 x 1023 atoms of Copper
ii) 27.95g of Iron
iii) 1.51 x 1023molecules of CO2
Answer:we know that to find the number of moles, the following formulae are used:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
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0Hjuz7POAVt80jPTs07gs7I4Q7HElFU41i3VOsG8PuB1WvORexrHrN1wJ3r7EsDcgS7VbCPqW3bzL09ffR7lwi4Ke/Mnc1alfCxpRcCbv9BlzkCv7RCaB/a6Af4RHoV0prFV+SWmNlCKwzX9MBYZDTedPqLxs3lJPrVJvmKtLIq/HalfLVCVf4AMP2pOrTYXfV6pt34PoOfzX5+h+eHYzdcbp/xbqIXpjmWg7j2Ij+usv35dAHroTNYRBomEtGQuyg0jX/1xXhBuNclbDv9P9P9iultbLPSS2kEFAILAKB/wNFiYzB7yCc/QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(i) Using formula 3,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
So, 2 moles of copper contain 12.046 x 1023 atoms of copper.
(ii) Using formula 1,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
So, 0.5 moles consist of 27.95 grams of iron.
(iii) Using formula 4,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
So, 0.25 moles of CO2 consists of 1.51 x 1023 molecules.
Note:
1. If a compound or molecular substance is taken, like CO2, N2 etc, then 1
a mole of the substance contains Avogadro number of molecules. 1 mole contains the mass equal to the molecular weight of the substance.
2. If an element is taken like C, S, Fe, then 1 mole contains Avogadro
number of atoms. 1 mole contains the mass equal to the atomic weight of the substance.
Question 4.Find the gram molecular mass of the following from the data given:
i) H2O ii) CO2 iii) NaOH iv) NO2 v) H2SO4
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Answer:Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of the substance.
1. H2O = (1gX2) + 16g = 18g
2. CO2 = 12g + (2 x16g) = 12 + 32 = 44g
3. NaOH = 23g + 16g + 1g = 40g
4. NO2 = 14 + (2 x 16) = 46g
5. H2SO4 = (1gx2) + 32g + (4x16g) = 98g
Question 5.Complete the table given below:
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAVMAAABeCAIAAAARwGBJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAEBtJREFUeF7tnT+uFccSxh9vGVcWQjZrILDgBg6wF0AAFoEjJDtGOCEksUUMEhERdsACgIAALALWgC0LXbEN3u/5s4qiZ6a7Z878OadPTXA1d6a7uuqrru6qPtPV5z5+/PifuAKBQODIEPjvkckb4gYCgcD/EThnc/65c+cCkkAgEGgbgU/27i2/ec+f0a0lGRsTZ3aTC3wSSD0g4e3P3t+CYCBwAAiE5R+AkoLFQGB2BMLyZ4c0CAYCB4BAWP4BKClYDARmR6DK8r/77jvWBvz166+/wsoff/zBw7/++ith6+LFi0n533//nTL85flPP/3ky6ukiPA3qWivqMW92tUFVyLVbc7THAVZt5UicV/As0e7YsMzkNA3YZHFigkluxK4KsWRylBQQtY3ZByqLenIru4TXon/IfaGOE9IScvizd93RQPPbofRwx3xsbb2VuPeFmAywdbEv3nzZmIXsohE0T3dhrVuXbyz++Tm22+//fHHH7tvX79+Ta0///wzefXVV1/98ssv3fK//fYbr7ioqLcUg7gRgRT39tZTgAFfklddrlRmSIq8jAYCFOCwS6SXONx6ZLr/eiaRTuJ7cJJ/oZYoAgq9gBRVlghCQzwxfAS1cZL8K+LoK8Ehg3CG84SU13JG4zQtnhNA4NkriPvezlmjbpXZZ413tdBFLDFD2VSvFXgkq+b8ynmmsti9fy4V/vnnn+/evVtZUT31/v379eVHlWRYpRs9ePAAcP1sOUSEyUflrQA6ePjwoXeCkM6ewLkJ3kuTRiks1dr17Nmzy5cvjxJEhb/55hvGfvO2rl69+uWXXxodmKF/3LlzR094hZ2jjgkNUWVezsUDNIEC8blP/BHPJHJN41lkG9A43YOxT74hfQ8l+j45BM4Gln/9+vV3796hVywHSx6lNnrqixcvuvHFKCJDhR8/fnzr1i1sAJN48uRJkebLly8p74uhA3rS27dv/UONVvAM58ieIfvmzRua9vZZ5CFfgHFHAyt/b9++7QvDzA8//OCfiLeaIa/b6Oyc0wQqkB/BX1TTKymoMlaenp5OA6oZjWPqz58/x6AYB+lvNV2o1vLB1wdXSUDbxZ2Bx5dPxmymvitXrlDG5hxPgVe+bmLn1J0W+uY7B62A3bVr1yiGSSBvsTMxfvWWef/+vX+OjFBjRMhP+FT5+++/i42OKsBIpGWIZMKHSOJZGNmzs7N8E6DUDbNn5xweAO3777/nhr806rsBzIsHRY758XRInMY0LpcNdffaVBeEWstPQqki9STOT3TDv0xu8NqrlSSsTQawXaamTJ9++vSpzbdqIuNhig4o9xI8f/588hxJIV7soBcuXBhl2DWF5fh13T9sprf6F198kSebxJCiPDvn8sMV5siTQkHGmMX5PMHdqMGhW6YxjdO7gIUQrxKNWsuvJFdfjPitaAlD1PBdE0+1vt2hko8ePfKzGcWGPEyjAMrU8gQVml66dClpBUkVr+avr7/+OpncSjXK7xk3ez9YxgtIBNRIN21NIc957yhzcnKS4R7ebGJnbuc+gVp1mSSY6KZFKK1qvNwn/imxmeVX8tdbTE4sRrILka7F+uVQulTRCHF86JE+9CBOwTmqibKG5NI6s/ds+XlmWs/Og0PYr8hQxWjxxo0bY5ddrAk0kuGc1RCIW2EQyy9nyA/3vxlx37vsSrvwDOxjl340Rh+VxpP+UGv5mTifnmqBn/2KmI/z850yH+erbs3qZf24QASuxSTflZGr+DsCXYelMhOfXjiKMc1mYGW44RroVyujyTgybR7Oiy9fwNREi4QkSRCHufqQXgR743yeZziHLEIZKRX27HmNM6brdwc/gGrZtXehBOLoDv5HjY/7r3H9ng9KaGGJha3Pdun2uoX19rP/JYGyJRkbE2f2/hP4JJB6QGrn/Nm1EgQDgUBgQwTC8jcEP5oOBDZDICx/M+ij4UBgQwTC8jcEP5oOBDZDICx/M+ij4UBgQwTC8jcEP5oOBDZDICx/M+ij4UBgQwTC8v8FvzKVhRIkdNMeJIkT/Cf9yl/S/SRmUa03Js6iWB0pcfuAEfkzOS3aeJWRUVkrkpQPPpWFENAT6PhvP/XRq4eIMiqgXUm+MB+cDWXaGAtyY+KMFb9Y/hi6dBEEX8ADEnP+pxE/n8qCcvqenO9zk61j7FFNPv7l61R9fMqO3eRDVKov8TVud+JqTJwjnZkXEzss/zNoM6ksKGf7OtmC4reOsUeVfQ29u3rZses3xiymx37CjYmzMnqNNxfevrnxyikgZ175CJK0c9rWwvNuLrQk14DPYKc0aXb1Zigc5bPVqAwpDk6caSBkaoW3n4DjAfkUnR4DTPnAWKYiqxZk3vJlwAYlpjWU+FGjQDd9JXVFZC7jb0ycsPzZEchYfnj7qU83lMpCmflsiR4ffihjl7KjJDm51Iz2sS+Ru2rINW1MnMY98BXFC8uvBRs7T9bkqanYPkmewUMcB6X0U6Z0a4Nf+BgylF5u26sxcbYF8yBbrwkal3ZCVqNf4x57ZszbT3K8WyygXwG7CQWNSBLkw0D3eILJ4jcmzmQchioeQwA7CjQPSGTmOMjxWkxH5om88gKfBJ/IzHHA1h6sBwKzIBBx/iwwBpFA4MAQ+MzbPzDeg91AIBAYiQDrAv+Gip/u2spO2QtIY4FfY+KM7MPl4oFPxPnlXhIlAoGjQiDi/KNSdwgbCPyLQFh+dIVA4BgR2NXyOZ6p92BJnRAy6tgT4OdjuCWOEzlGxYbMgUAWgRGWv35imTV1lyTV8U3rIOruCWIJe4xZ+wNRwgn/JgefM8gWj0JfE/9oa2UEqixf+aT85jPul5icSWgx6ly6GcHS4a32WW7iyPjddZlTcZMTpmdkbyyp7iYtjrsVESXqmvE80rG8Rfl9QKDK8jmymq7vD73m3psos4cmmW6COgnpZ1QLAfTQXhEgeG/fv0oCB0+teMp9JcqWRYfy7KjRXt02Lp1da4mAkJRxofdk6zbkDSlqEChbPgZpO896KdqGdm6YSbqmiKlzHqg2uvGXg1N9/P/q1StNUN3Dp6llkzCjj1oXNc3PUON+7AnKRVw4aDUxDDtzNu/p2DmzvWsfxXaXKAA4bMvbypNaQqKgOQsCZcv/8OFDviWMRKcvY7q9+9LZ2W5zjjaoa6+7rkyntD1wp6enNgnr/GMNE1BLUuLtCIp5wu/evTNS3JvzjBUNhccIYsWw/CH3Z0cOx1ZnqDK4xtaN8g0jULb8k5OTHeVn2knOQt9xlsb8bAVrXrdcnjAjDvR7pSbqefnyZREQEuDtQyCtdAC3b98uMhwFjg2BsuVrJif55GRooOBNPRkIJpBNslnJ45jxunTpEtR6f5KsTKdzdnY2Iz+TSeEfgVU3jJpMMCo2g0DZ8hGVDkSg671cgvn6tX0WzJh5ZEi7J6Uh4IcZG0rgZJZFPh+Za5jTkhjETXDFzLbioHVNdQUtT1q3YM5P8nCv32PgHNhnHxbXFyRaXASBypw8XadaFZNkNXgHPo+lpa/yWWuSh/73J5/WEmntd0RVH0p0U5/lxhNJfvdKDNXeJoL7nzaTAzb8ouBQcs5RGVSKhTPiiO3eVJ9KLmzXXOlAi9yuXyCDz/rM7EOLHpDIybPIeLoO0diLlsc58EnwiZw86xhmtBII7C8CVXH+/rIfnAUCgcAkBCInzyTYolIgcJgIRE6ew9Tb51xHHBtx/qh+HHH+KLiicCDQIAIR5zeo1BApECgiEJZfhCgKBAINIhCW36BSQ6RAoIhAreUrOYddO265KbIVBeZCwJIgGEGf3WBPNhTOJewoOpksTKPoHGjhKssHIzbV+69u+VJ1bI69AwXooNlGcewg8CL47Ab8wMOH/fX7Lw4aii7z+SxMjQnbI07Nd/v2Nb4VtkNmeZJ8B26frGe+1bdXOovWLk9qie+ckX8JslvRzIsDyIKXYn4HhMccZa2zxWATiOrVrSOPN2FyzUa9jJ+kHZJcez+SXTG9SKmk5d7pvZfNW2/j3naM+NHE388ITWPazYjj9zh5y7cPOVBWr2ZnRHtzUvXqZspJJqHNmV+CgXGWLyPvtfzkoe9hienaJrxk150996MGMvc2ujsW9V1h97ZWoDAkTjIuJ5av7ZVy/5KUoSvwvGYTNeo2N3NNxrZqywNSjvMzOXl8ygfWinyWzml5eFhN0CIiN+0HWotJ+ObNG2jbciz3ZCvUYh45BcgpZPnFeHLMi3yIX8zCtJiWNiZctvzenDxKrWe8a5XIJ4GYlocncSIimcy03oEi/KyiOV/Jwskp5FEly4jPODituQZqZbIwNSBdvwg1K3xy0ZOMGvZvkpxDBOVwdmP+IW9fK4Xe+VzCEa1x/7byxCa0WymO9/YTVeL2H+0Knw/skyQrE3RxEFV8hymv8HlLtsHDT85Jgmqz2Jo8PD4JDw35xDhh+cXONMHyoalerqths9daZgbDoSxMRdgPt4AHJHLyHLA3F3v18soLfBJ8Yq/eAVt7sB4IzIJAeYVvlmaCSCAQCOwVApGTZ6/UEcwEAssiYJ9yRZy/LNCLUo84NuL8UR0s4vxRcEXhQKBBBCLOb1CpIVIgUEQgLL8IURQIBBpEYCnLVyaPfAKPmjINQh4iBQJ7gECt5etgebuGzpDfA4kmspDJ0KKTM3W1J/hEvJqoxjGqptljyzRTZfkAxDYP+2iRT3drzpA/rL4xlKGFDsHRvfpamb/cz3J072GB0yS3TGZXr15Vr+aLZraHHlWOuSrLp8dzErapn1FAG7+4gM/SOQEcI2h37KQAxcxrSNI/vX371u8nzZO1rHKqMqOqkMg2sSGsP0KXe73StsX37983aQnHJhSbFE9PTyX1tWvXjk38Ksunu++4YZ58bySE07TJEfR+2mSy1bhLK5U54V69eqUqC23jvXfvnm1Dunz5sm8F/s+fP39svaRJeW/dukXaAnW5+/fvs4Fnoe60n+hVWT6jIzvnfJw/VhiqY0KaNrnHdI3CgwcPdI/rVTmHW5WxbBTLyzFhnOrdtc5bmL9+/XqRThTYfwSUTuLFixdonNnIe7X7z/zuHFZZPs0odYkujQKT297nkTWToUW5ayzMmSx+VNwTBOjD5I9QeiJu8GqPapGv1vK9tpTIuXJ+7qp5csXVekw3Q4vWOMPsV1PB0g2pE1qmORxS4ruzs7Ol290f+mXLByP6veeYMJhp3xa98Jf0lmCpKBjDKr500bOC+CiyxXaLBbyMT58+pbzCEy1bIvJyIUaRtygwOwJarLV1JRaeWMHRiH8kV9nywcj/7IkZ+NkPewAyLQFcuHBhCDWsXWV0YoeMKnNVkp1RSawy2EIGP93ZliaNAiwF2dtkHJyRhyC1JgL4+dYt0a/9grMmDxu2tcZePUZWZs59cJWxXjPpDUGfq+nGxJkLFqMT+CSQekDKc/7s+giCgUAgsDkCkZljcxUEA4HAegj0ZOZYr/FoKRAIBLZGILz9rTUQ7QcCWyAQlr8F6tFmILA1Av8DHN9ceM/hnCoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
Answer:Formula used is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
So, the complete table is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Question 6.Calculate the number of water molecules present in one drop of water which weighs 0.18 g.
Answer:According to mole concept we know that gram molecular weight of any compound consists of Avogadro number of molecules.
This implies that 18 grams of water consists 6.023 x 1023 molecules of water.
18 grams
6.023 x 1023 molecules
0.18 grams
?
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Question 7.Fill in the blanks using the given data:
The formula of Calcium oxide is CaO. The atomic mass of Ca is 40, Oxygen is 16 and Carbon is 12.
i) 1 mole of Ca ( ____g) and 1 mole of Oxygen atom ( ___g) combine to form _____mole of CaO ( ____g).
ii) 1 mole of Ca ( ___g) and 1 mole of C ( ___g) and 3 moles of Oxygen atom ( ___g) combine to form 1 mole of CaCO3 ( ___g)
Answer:i) 1 mole of Ca ( 40 g) and 1 mole of an Oxygen atom ( 16 g) combine to form 1 mole of CaO ( 56 g).
ii) 1 mole of Ca ( 40 g) and 1 mole of C ( 12 g) and 3 moles of an Oxygen atom ( 3x16 = 48 g) combine to form 1 mole of CaCO3 ( 100 g)
Note:
1. If a compound or molecular substance is taken, like CO2, N2 etc, then 1
a mole of the substance contains Avogadro number of molecules. 1 mole contains the mass equal to the molecular weight of the substance.
2. If an element is taken like C, S, Fe, then 1 mole contains Avogadro
number of atoms. 1 mole contains the mass equal to the atomic weight of the substance.
So, 1 mole of Ca is 40 grams, 1 mole of O atom is 16 grams and 1 mole of C is 12 grams of C. 1 mole of CaO is 56 grams (40+16) of CaO and 1 mole of CaCO3 is 100 grams ( 40+12+48).
Question 8.How many grams are there in:
i) 5 moles of water
ii) 2 moles of Ammonia
iii) 2 moles of Glucose
Answer:we know that in the case of compounds –
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HeItj+VD4CPgJ3E4H/A+0Ye8VHFmygAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
Molecular mass of water (H2O) = (2 + 16 ) = 18 grams
Molecular mass of ammonia (NH3) = ( 14+3) = 17 grams
Molecular mass of glucose ( C6H12O6) = ( 72 + 12+ 96) = 180 grams
Applying the above formula to all 3 cases-
(i) Mass = 5 x 18 = 90 grams
(ii) Mass = 2 x 17 = 34 grams
(iii) Mass = 2 x 180 = 360 grams
Modern atomic theory takes up the wave concept, principle of uncertainty and other latest discoveries to give a clear-cut picture about an atom. State the findings of modern atomic theory.
Answer:
● An atom is the smallest particle which takes part in chemical reaction.
● An atom is considered to be a divisible particle.
● The atoms of the same element may not be similar in all respects.
ex: Isotopes (17Cl35, 17Cl37 )
● The atoms of different elements may be similar in some respects.
ex. Isobars ( 18Ar40 , 20Ca40 )
● The ratio of atoms in a molecule may be fixed and integral but may not be simple. Ex.C12H22O11 is not a simple ratio. (Sucrose)
● The atoms of one element can be changed into the atoms of another element by transmutation.
● The mass of an atom can be converted into energy. This is in accordance with Einstein’s equation E = mc2 where E = energy, m = mass and c = velocity of light
Question 2.
How will you establish the relation between vapour density and molecular mass of a gas by applying Avogadro’s law?
Answer:
Relative Molecular Mass: It is defined as the ratio of the mass of 1 molecule of the gas or vapour to the mass of 1 atom of hydrogen.
Vapour Density (V.D): It is defined as the ratio of the mass of a certain volume of the gas or vapour to the mass of the same volume of hydrogen at the same temperature and pressure.
Applying Avogadro’s Law,
Since hydrogen is diatomic,
2 x V.D = relative molecular mass of a gas or vapour
2 x Vapour density = Relative molecular mass
Question 3.
Calculate the number of moles in:
i) 12.046 x 1023 atoms of Copper
ii) 27.95g of Iron
iii) 1.51 x 1023molecules of CO2
Answer:
we know that to find the number of moles, the following formulae are used:
(i) Using formula 3,
So, 2 moles of copper contain 12.046 x 1023 atoms of copper.
(ii) Using formula 1,
So, 0.5 moles consist of 27.95 grams of iron.
(iii) Using formula 4,
So, 0.25 moles of CO2 consists of 1.51 x 1023 molecules.
Note:
1. If a compound or molecular substance is taken, like CO2, N2 etc, then 1
a mole of the substance contains Avogadro number of molecules. 1 mole contains the mass equal to the molecular weight of the substance.
2. If an element is taken like C, S, Fe, then 1 mole contains Avogadro
number of atoms. 1 mole contains the mass equal to the atomic weight of the substance.
Question 4.
Find the gram molecular mass of the following from the data given:
i) H2O ii) CO2 iii) NaOH iv) NO2 v) H2SO4
Answer:
Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of the substance.
1. H2O = (1gX2) + 16g = 18g
2. CO2 = 12g + (2 x16g) = 12 + 32 = 44g
3. NaOH = 23g + 16g + 1g = 40g
4. NO2 = 14 + (2 x 16) = 46g
5. H2SO4 = (1gx2) + 32g + (4x16g) = 98g
Question 5.
Complete the table given below:
Answer:
Formula used is
So, the complete table is
Question 6.
Calculate the number of water molecules present in one drop of water which weighs 0.18 g.
Answer:
According to mole concept we know that gram molecular weight of any compound consists of Avogadro number of molecules.
This implies that 18 grams of water consists 6.023 x 1023 molecules of water.
18 grams 6.023 x 1023 molecules
0.18 grams ?
Question 7.
Fill in the blanks using the given data:
The formula of Calcium oxide is CaO. The atomic mass of Ca is 40, Oxygen is 16 and Carbon is 12.
i) 1 mole of Ca ( ____g) and 1 mole of Oxygen atom ( ___g) combine to form _____mole of CaO ( ____g).
ii) 1 mole of Ca ( ___g) and 1 mole of C ( ___g) and 3 moles of Oxygen atom ( ___g) combine to form 1 mole of CaCO3 ( ___g)
Answer:
i) 1 mole of Ca ( 40 g) and 1 mole of an Oxygen atom ( 16 g) combine to form 1 mole of CaO ( 56 g).
ii) 1 mole of Ca ( 40 g) and 1 mole of C ( 12 g) and 3 moles of an Oxygen atom ( 3x16 = 48 g) combine to form 1 mole of CaCO3 ( 100 g)
Note:
1. If a compound or molecular substance is taken, like CO2, N2 etc, then 1
a mole of the substance contains Avogadro number of molecules. 1 mole contains the mass equal to the molecular weight of the substance.
2. If an element is taken like C, S, Fe, then 1 mole contains Avogadro
number of atoms. 1 mole contains the mass equal to the atomic weight of the substance.
So, 1 mole of Ca is 40 grams, 1 mole of O atom is 16 grams and 1 mole of C is 12 grams of C. 1 mole of CaO is 56 grams (40+16) of CaO and 1 mole of CaCO3 is 100 grams ( 40+12+48).
Question 8.
How many grams are there in:
i) 5 moles of water
ii) 2 moles of Ammonia
iii) 2 moles of Glucose
Answer:
we know that in the case of compounds –
Molecular mass of water (H2O) = (2 + 16 ) = 18 grams
Molecular mass of ammonia (NH3) = ( 14+3) = 17 grams
Molecular mass of glucose ( C6H12O6) = ( 72 + 12+ 96) = 180 grams
Applying the above formula to all 3 cases-
(i) Mass = 5 x 18 = 90 grams
(ii) Mass = 2 x 17 = 34 grams
(iii) Mass = 2 x 180 = 360 grams
Part-c
Question 1.When ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride gas, it produces white fumes of ammonium chloride. The volume occupied by NH3 in glass bulb A is three times more than the volume occupied by HCl in glass bulb B at STP.
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)
i) How many moles of ammonia are present in glass bulb A?
ii) How many grams of NH4Cl will be formed when the stopper is opened?
(Atomic mass of N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5)
iii) Which gas will remain after completion of the reaction?
iv) Write the chemical reaction involved in this process.
Answer:(i) 3 moles
(ii) 53.5 grams (14 + 4 + 35.5)
(iii) Ammonia ( 2 moles will be remaining )
(iv) NH3 + HCl
NH4Cl
Explanation -1 mole of any gas at STP occupies 22.4 litres of volume. So, 1 mole of ammonia occupies 22.4 litres of volume. 67.2 litres (22.4 x 3) of volume is 3 moles of ammonia. 22.4 litres of HCl is 1 mole of HCl. According to reaction ,1 mole of ammonia reacts with 1 mole of HCl to form 1 mole of NH4Cl, which comes out as white fumes.
NH3 + HCl
NH4Cl
Even though 3 moles of ammonia is present in bulb, only one 1 mole undergoes reaction with 1 mole of HCl. The other 2 moles of ammonia remain unreacted.
Question 2.Nitro glycerine is used as an explosive. The equation for the explosive reaction is
4C3H5((NO3))3
12CO2 + 10H2O + 6N2 + O2
(l) (g) (l) (g) (g)
(Atomic mass of C = 12, H = 1, N = 14, O=16)
1. How many moles does the equation show for i) Nitroglycerine ii) gas molecules produced?
2. How many moles of gas molecules are obtained from 1 mole of nitroglycerine?
3. What is the mass of 1 mole of nitroglycerine?
Answer:1. 4 moles of nitroglycerine ; CO2 (12) + N2(6) + O2(1) = 19 moles of
gas molecules are formed.
2. 4 moles of nitroglycerine gives 19 moles of gas molecules. So, 1 mole
of nitroglycerine gives (19/4) 4.75 moles of gas molecules.
3. Gram molecular mass of nitroglycerine is 1 mole of nitroglycerine.
So, mass of 1 mole of nitroglycerine is 227 grams.
[(3x12)C + (5x1)H + (3x14)N + (9x16)O]
Question 3.Sodium bi carbonate breaks down on heating:
2NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
(Atomic mass of Na = 23, C = 12, H = 1, O=16)
i) How many moles of sodium bi carbonate are there in the equation?
ii) What is the mass of sodium bicarbonate used in this equation?
iii) How many moles of carbon dioxide are there in this equation?
Answer:(i) Two (coefficient of sodium bi carbonate)
(ii) 1 mole of sodium bi carbonate contains 84 grams. Two moles of
sodium bi carbonate contains 168 grams. So, 168 grams of sodium bi carbonate is used in the equation.
(iii) 1 mole (coefficient of CO2 )
Question 4.40 g of calcium was extracted from 56 g of calcium oxide
(Atomic mass of Ca= 40, O=16)
i) What mass of oxygen is there in 56 g of calcium oxide?
ii) How many moles of oxygen atoms are there in this?
iii) How many moles of calcium atoms are there in 40 g of calcium?
iv) What mass of calcium will be obtained from 1000 g of calcium oxide?
Answer:(i) 16 grams of O
(ii) 1 mole of oxygen atoms
(iii) 1 mole
(iv) 714.38 grams.
56 grams of CaO gives 40 grams of Ca. 1000 grams of CaO gives (1000x40)/56 = 714.28 grams of calcium
Explanation –
CaO
Ca + O
56 40 16
1 mole of any compound (or gas in molecular form) contains the mass equal to its gram molecular mass. 1 mole of any element contains the mass equal to its gram atomic mass. So,
1 mole of CaO = 40 + 16 = 56 grams
1 mole of Ca = 40 grams
1 mole of oxygen atoms = 16 grams
1 mole of calcium oxide dissociates to form 1 mole of Ca and 1 mole of O atoms.
Question 5.How many grams are there in the following?
i) 1 mole of chlorine molecule, Cl2
ii) 2 moles of sulphur molecules, S8
iii) 4 moles of ozone molecules, O3
iv) 2 moles of nitrogen molecules, N2
Answer:we know that when gases are present in the molecular form, 1 mole of any gas is equal to 6.023 x 1023 molecules of that gas, which is equal to the gram molecular weight of gas in the combined state.
(i) 1 mole of chlorine molecules contains 71 grams of Cl2. (2×35.5)
(ii) 2 moles of sulphur molecules contain 512 grams of S8. (2×32×8)
(iii) 4 moles of ozone molecules contain 192 grams of O3. (4× 16× 3)
(iv) 2 moles of nitrogen molecules contain 56 grams of N2. (2× 14× 2)
Question 6.Find how many moles of atoms are there in:
i) 2 g of nitrogen.
ii) 23 g of sodium
iii) 40 g of calcium.
iv) 1.4 g of lithium
v) 32 g of sulphur.
Answer:
We know the formula that
Applying the above formula for all cases.
(i) ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(ii) ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYYAAAAjCAYAAACQJq0MAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAABKdSURBVHhe7V0/bBtHuv9mnV6po+sel0ZktQwgSlc+87gEDmoi4JiCesAzqSqkgVPzwqMkWq5kxJSrkDkgZnE0TmkcIKSe6zMZ4OgihSLDJK8792GAV3L3/b7ZJbn8I3EpUX89AxjW7sx+M/Pb5Xwz39+PdnZ2SBWFgEJAIaAQUAh0EfhIQaEQUAgoBBQCCgE3AooxqO9BIaAQUAh4RCAaDZhP1iMiX7XkE8F4mWoFQ9vZycob0bl/m+sHfxXVGl8G6cHT51RI6Vo2a9fflKIYw015U2qcCgGFwJUikMkEzA3tsfj0x3dkGbrWOkx0/JHH4mkjbKb0jEbU6jxbWReff/WOXsv6OOrXxULktZnJZG4Uc1CM4Uo/NdX5h4BAJvDeEkYBG8gcVdaOaTdVoBp2k7lKkfyNGBmpmtxd5ipVatezgjHJRAPW/t4upQpcx482qIadJ+9Mox+/N2PJgrBriOKo411pcz/RGXe/u5v9ELC+yDlms3Xtk+371H7zgrJv+B0t4K0dkXxhKNlsSaP794l69fdQ/0uv3j22aAAniwhOFpb7IPGAymaeDCGunIkoxnCRX5KirRDgBaM+L5q5oKWnDqhRrFKoPS/S77csw4hRrlmlnXZWBPj65SHtzGPByQSshDCIKg2igq4dxpc74YOKaFhJU2/N0bL/FS1WLKoZBGaw3IlZQljNfXPZfzRyX72Ai0OgVT4ggqgopQutPSQqAmM3nz15LO6Vn1MS9W5Rkn3y2Bb3vsbJAgydcLLQIr+Ir99dD6bAiCnGcHHfjaKsEBhEILhGER9RCXf1hSCOAUPXx92dZ13Ms7Vg/QXxf3/4bJHEkUPKF6G1pYeUMpZxUkib9GWVqkQQY0Q6uC+G72fbN0u2fVM+mWjgvbn+Mi2qYNxg7AP6g8C/t0zNT8Jago7hj95mhK9h7MnC29Ozb6UYw+wxVRQVAudGAAuPFds9olqtRltMDWIou/i0dmjbahY/M/diYaGnghSvVM2C4YOYacz9rUxPMXruQSkCEoHo3Cswha/AFMJjsa3/bkfb3ka7wBzERXdF4seOmXfpGFgk9U35v82Vx+tCPKyZXSX18MniKuG+lowBwOPYzRLUOFWsPNWzttz1upVMJmrtJ2IuOXATYoLSpY21jxPk0xBJtEvXE6fr9t6u43ia8rTQoGgmY/kOEySMI8o1qlTTIS56ttzx//1YtNBCP0yY268W6E+ZP1C+2qSFZT8dNJpkVZ6Y2u7ofTxxHad7Y8cEfZG5Ik8KNlPg6w36RuTDQrPosCOV0+/+IcVH1NofO09blPRefNV5TeGuPuE36C2y1weWj7ryTKjGeFsysMDIhW9ZJ7lG8zINuea8oxy7yCmU2iHIZAnM4SJ7OR/tHjaLFRz364IX6dj5SE79NONkVRah2OzKGaYmoR64BAQy0TlrWecfUY30hJ+sVVZG29ex/QhVWTm95Vwv4Dq5SrlggVJ+7DGCcbO5tkhWrUBGYpXM1QVaqqXIL5wfRxCbpyQW/8Px940kurlGC84lwH1hXXR1A1VLrpbmFo5yfJqLl7+RffJJ4M9PF8z1u3dEyrKck8A7yhvDymSdFoLfUkQrEGRQaGevvVdh2vpFYK6z9/h77dPv/kGf/CzuvH2bleP5CJMReQsrPpRdbCuR2rMVYPZESyJTrVjHUhF2OUzhwt7qrAm3ynSA33I8HYYsuE68SIek9FgVhcAgAtlSW4SgLAjJ23VWRmMz4UQcaJdGr3khD+3Qjv0A1dvktK/TozpXdWk59dhq4vbY+yquwey+RtsqaZtGMH3ziHZgpcSl1P6ddh9tYJtkl3EnAV476Cm9M78k3TkxsP+DHwYGm8kvL8W0NfNFoLMRi2j6lgXmBGuo/yD6Pz5cOpsIlygJsso4jCAKBr2vWFb/ZMDcjcjRi80O5ZtOCWd/3uMt3vR5qPErBBQCl4oAWzPVrEVqQjaoYzGG9ME83FgXtLiKk6DQdi7YGS7zxVxnZa+h/c93Hfpz5ffkfzgq/R7QMSxsFil3BNHR7j41qxmrNEa237PJdomd7KNySi6UXXFTv519b7ORoJi03+bTcYVC8yx+gYJt6N7oG2rR3PtXlm3PDeaVK9L8kByf+0/EUmSbfA+2OXkcJ8vlB+mBIhR/6WKS6o4Mn2kus106SsGQoFrDYrZZzH/SOE77mk/DhJ+TdvIx2MlDuWmXIN5Lmor5MI1775f6y1GdKQRuMQK+ZJHKb9cpclcjuDFI0U3wAU4Q+O25Nu0XhkD2b+079z9hd4tHdHfO6qAjWLUNliHls4+S6ThM4VJS9umcZAee6Ntk92/zUblaidtOPE7hdlYzJxnG0W6CysW8tN8uSsUyRFPBuDWX3sTxt3tvl9aaVWtQgXpEu4kypTdh6z2flXJ8PaUzo+mdaLpMabHSpJ16ScASwIoZgNdpMzyOPfRZrCxQzIAN8pgyTM9eQA0y9GNWhFusCGea3fn2GEJ9UJB73vl7GcdJX84kTHr6EcpR06qSj1q0n8CG4Ah28wTRmCoKAYXAhSEgHeE+uU/bcJbrl9/oxaNHF9bntIRHrJJ4QavE4fGdismFGm7eIzR9fhageFd4LqbzPYsZX2SNgqzNXtuEl6dtwWPfS9Fxk8hRb/T6XNvs79R9yTTFwVQKjiMQNzrcw0kFO/pi2EclCFp9Ydh5B1OUcrVxEYPyvCRYExCCABdMaGRukh6faJyxZUt1kSnmrAMwuJeH+ZHxeQH8LPM/zzgmY9KkY7yCYC7SOx1kNjHHKbTn0iGrvw84BQZlMeXlG1FtZoMAvkszUoAPwURyQXraeC2d025KHCP2j4j8FXObODl7bvMuZfJEOIYajDVXDW/mKFjA4gpFdDJ/MeZui354+rDG7NSySO5mrChfBdMqYGcbzcOsjw4pwYYbrgWOFeYBGHGQ08YtFpnUp22hxfQw57ZrcD6/1CUcNVpnYgzjpnjaWM4zjv6z/UV/GBP8EIBj0EIYBXlySxc3KVsqiRCOiMBr0kuR9fX5HeE1Yvs4Bjyuk60taMJUUQh4QwDmojsj3wu+S23bo8b9N4hSvH3tsD7a2mKRz2WZoo+fm+Mf4QUenttvXhqe0GYsY2DRUFG68BuUWIWt9Dk6uIxHEUOGdRdDH8kx4QAyo2Ir4As40oSGjzQz6sEbGe/jmIRJfR4mwTB1je3CDFLnOD5xq1K9Wp8R/NAv64fnDW7VSiHgIIBvc0QOf5vBOdHBjRUkuQNWRO/Bzex6l2BuvGMZ9AEzGrgjelkbOknMiLp3Mt7H4QWTEsSGIZhFFtOsl0lJO/muqfKkMSlR0iSEVP1VIKBESYz6BYmSmLT0YUjHrRQEySxKvhrmcESQ3vTKsJiElaiz3ck7O/KDMhXdVlmthtSoTBJFze6HcJ5xTD5VSOU09AnFalLqGEr1toDNgWWMEb+dNKeLECXNDj9F6UNF4KJESdcBz26oDS9jmaEoqTai/O0pooeVjDqHmy3QAXQQRZb1tyDrj70aHe8ptv7j5PWj92yHu6bUJ7TocD+GXqHMRCQy+AW5mBf7XjRhqQRmBmbR2t+jPdrsm7V69DnoM8O+VVbXKslWcEMGP1Ev4oLhjPOffhz9d9d/dgIm8J7dO4xInQnPEZE9mPMpU1UvvzrVRiFwqxDABvxfMPz5uT+pwZAYsMl3m4Jys64i2o0D6yDSUF4acIbTC+w3kKbN4hodwe2f7fqZRl7fp2Vdhv8aumf7O8AcgEMEO+0G73Wd64K5Cq0d78I7EOatXOD+n2v2LZz4lm0+G5cmquBf1tbWK3s8SVgpQZJkm272xwERi3VaPCNJD6a3TA9PgZ7td9F02fe7fRS68x0OFTLcbx8Tb/OffhzLHM5EmvtOwoTID8utIB30MOM5wnRVznEaznerfh1qMgqBDwKBTOaLzrONmHZQqFLX3OOhHyqUYLDz4PPn9J/zP9+RITE4xG9PkT9sj++48yOS3QBorLzc6frsw4KnhB18z1UfbXl9GXDdn+Ied2SHmKhTez6EcAB9j4pxFi4l+EcM9MXjcRa4wXAEIMxHjQlFyt4Hwg706XWZUS+kAd8Ywka2GQiDYLfxikl3eNOOw43N6ZjUBcEEKcT/eli0PVskTcLvJtdLX5mDNTh42mK2mzyXcWN3J/mJV0zetM00+mr041emP1kTFlJegrjMF+H/+5p49zqJDR7dGNPQ2/be3fPJZv92h/0o7sOPwu1JIdsghMdbmDNdy+iqt/mlqLmdHQG5aB+noSAHY1NlagQyn703tUckyjCER5RWKmOllrZ8s7LR4A3dryGtHK+ZEZh23jbb48n5npGj4eDbG5/vmT8sxRim/nmpB64KgSZ75V1w4ZPqTuh2np5aDTahWIOnOzuC5mXWMY8m/1Ohrt+DbfcvNu9mRrENPF88miH3mWo0s2n8IeV7VoxhNt+MojJDBEZzHdumyAGcFgypKjKk7ocT17C4xzZ8gDe8wzNYV1LM22KgaXMtu9t3RUnDOTdk3mb0684RMm0/PIuT5sl17hhifD1NTudM9DMzgQQ+w3hwjgcNob6REFSG7IYYySwMJfE5KZe01TzsJGIR0LTPAF2MwWCkaIjTWLrr5WuKIwhQJWHegRuytZSjBouS/neDtEierAe2mMmqJJDSsiBGrpeeUnntLT1+iNhqFkwvkR7zbvO/KPKwithCfA2P5ZFQ1jP8CMeQ+pDyPSvGcLHfkqI+JQL9XMeIezUPZoDgiUbPdJgQqqVmGYT8F1KU1OYYTzKOVQE5MZrVsM0kdBhEQLnO/hjT5lrutXfCaLlzbjQtps8GFaNxhqft57R52n2cLaczR+ncX/YLxqMBPHTGw2/jgbDJkPcHbXk/GBs8crR5JJrpvqJM9GPkjH4lFssmckkLmRyIc0mbVsvcX4kA4x9BE7QkzQieBwUYn1gW+lzhPp16jru14acUKGtGHn0eoU/HYzj8jVZ+kO90xUzADdfUEzvxdeNp0PQ//F40nr9GXoq8dpgQnUhkXXyNEA9mUtjXPxyKhxFDpj29qnKb8z0rxnBVX5XqdywCXUMIhLGV9eFVBCI5LSSXzIkB82XYEXcVxZvw2C+kXlLACXhob3G95VoeGdQY+gj6yKeF8W/QYz+nzpNzOnOsr7PkdG5V6OCnJco9DzMr0HZKdQt4mN8mX4qyicQxz5ZP/vJ8BnJJo9/Iip1LOunkkm4963xfWxK579w0l0DzB/GjaZgEjFBPvfpsyYouLJkPfxFn1zEs8fuyRVH93Niu6+OrVTHd9nzPijGoBfraIXByruMphhpckOGLr7Ph7UnzZD8UTtLTLAasPZyGZpLTGXg46+yJIMqIn6Ft7he5pCPIJb2EzGSvzbz/BBWyg/EUb+VWNP0Q8j0rxnArPtXbMwlbVo9cx8hfHYI/hm06OhTzyvHOphZc4n1NBDd0OUFCzLEfg4R7Me3Z1NSda3nEPFUGTxxyskQYeN3RYUyD/NiczmPmKTFA7uZoJjx9TufueJ8cUiMfNvVoQOJhAQ9OAMOiJIx57HbbtlhaEH/6C/fboIUV5JJGJhnL8NM9+olSkqbh0NwGza8Ipu+aZfk7qBcHqG+i3sd9rqP+XoMaZhinlDHdHTVRR6b+rwBtIH2p9cA7kl0cmbYuMpdq/vqh5HtWjMH796haXgYCYSfXMZtRIqhfALmOycl1zDoD6WyJ8Oe6OHASNiEtLXJ+ILkG28jbUqOeM2LdcW6cItdyLzczURle4e36EH12sEReEbfimfs8c07nMfO0kNM5CK90/Qw5nbPZf2r5xr4JPASni3bj4VuNmxrC20jlM/JOs35gwBcHy/9SLYnFPtV9kMpf6uAiOmjmOoRTRJ9mmZkA+fJ2nuN8+YG5EsEpQ8ZiRFKrz5dIIIz+E+R9PIITFSePrBwaEI/pZG3uU9Bv9xOEr0P66RIVUhFayjXMv0Tm6Pf+n6C3wBg3dOS3/gH6BijMcb2+b9Dru0/MyLfO9acGcaDIy1IzeMv3fO9G5Xs+7SetzFUvY8FTfXhCgGXvJ+U6ZgIDToOOoyLfm3flR2YB0njnRg+5ll1OmsgVIsc8TH+cg+UsczqPOEFiDKzT8JrTOVv6VRuPxzxt97S1oDakuc3+81dtOJf0G5iYOqmMh2i+AcZODWMEpfF9xLq2naXayFEdQl+26yQ7z/Jf7TcvZF5kaGdcbd/027Zf0CNA3s+X/Ab5rTHmbgxtOF4NX4cu0QLWW75nxuH653v28mNUjMELSqqNQkAhoBCYAQJXne/Z6xQUY/CKlGqnEFAIKATOicBV53v2OnzFGLwipdopBBQCCoFzInAT8j3zFBVjOOeLVo8rBBQCCoHbhsD/A0HmZmU+Aa7KAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
(iii) ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(iv) ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(v) ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
When ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride gas, it produces white fumes of ammonium chloride. The volume occupied by NH3 in glass bulb A is three times more than the volume occupied by HCl in glass bulb B at STP.
i) How many moles of ammonia are present in glass bulb A?
ii) How many grams of NH4Cl will be formed when the stopper is opened?
(Atomic mass of N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5)
iii) Which gas will remain after completion of the reaction?
iv) Write the chemical reaction involved in this process.
Answer:
(i) 3 moles
(ii) 53.5 grams (14 + 4 + 35.5)
(iii) Ammonia ( 2 moles will be remaining )
(iv) NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
Explanation -1 mole of any gas at STP occupies 22.4 litres of volume. So, 1 mole of ammonia occupies 22.4 litres of volume. 67.2 litres (22.4 x 3) of volume is 3 moles of ammonia. 22.4 litres of HCl is 1 mole of HCl. According to reaction ,1 mole of ammonia reacts with 1 mole of HCl to form 1 mole of NH4Cl, which comes out as white fumes.
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
Even though 3 moles of ammonia is present in bulb, only one 1 mole undergoes reaction with 1 mole of HCl. The other 2 moles of ammonia remain unreacted.
Question 2.
Nitro glycerine is used as an explosive. The equation for the explosive reaction is
4C3H5((NO3))312CO2 + 10H2O + 6N2 + O2
(l) (g) (l) (g) (g)
(Atomic mass of C = 12, H = 1, N = 14, O=16)
1. How many moles does the equation show for i) Nitroglycerine ii) gas molecules produced?
2. How many moles of gas molecules are obtained from 1 mole of nitroglycerine?
3. What is the mass of 1 mole of nitroglycerine?
Answer:
1. 4 moles of nitroglycerine ; CO2 (12) + N2(6) + O2(1) = 19 moles of
gas molecules are formed.
2. 4 moles of nitroglycerine gives 19 moles of gas molecules. So, 1 mole
of nitroglycerine gives (19/4) 4.75 moles of gas molecules.
3. Gram molecular mass of nitroglycerine is 1 mole of nitroglycerine.
So, mass of 1 mole of nitroglycerine is 227 grams.
[(3x12)C + (5x1)H + (3x14)N + (9x16)O]
Question 3.
Sodium bi carbonate breaks down on heating:
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
(Atomic mass of Na = 23, C = 12, H = 1, O=16)
i) How many moles of sodium bi carbonate are there in the equation?
ii) What is the mass of sodium bicarbonate used in this equation?
iii) How many moles of carbon dioxide are there in this equation?
Answer:
(i) Two (coefficient of sodium bi carbonate)
(ii) 1 mole of sodium bi carbonate contains 84 grams. Two moles of
sodium bi carbonate contains 168 grams. So, 168 grams of sodium bi carbonate is used in the equation.
(iii) 1 mole (coefficient of CO2 )
Question 4.
40 g of calcium was extracted from 56 g of calcium oxide
(Atomic mass of Ca= 40, O=16)
i) What mass of oxygen is there in 56 g of calcium oxide?
ii) How many moles of oxygen atoms are there in this?
iii) How many moles of calcium atoms are there in 40 g of calcium?
iv) What mass of calcium will be obtained from 1000 g of calcium oxide?
Answer:
(i) 16 grams of O
(ii) 1 mole of oxygen atoms
(iii) 1 mole
(iv) 714.38 grams.
56 grams of CaO gives 40 grams of Ca. 1000 grams of CaO gives (1000x40)/56 = 714.28 grams of calcium
Explanation –
CaO Ca + O
56 40 16
1 mole of any compound (or gas in molecular form) contains the mass equal to its gram molecular mass. 1 mole of any element contains the mass equal to its gram atomic mass. So,
1 mole of CaO = 40 + 16 = 56 grams
1 mole of Ca = 40 grams
1 mole of oxygen atoms = 16 grams
1 mole of calcium oxide dissociates to form 1 mole of Ca and 1 mole of O atoms.
Question 5.
How many grams are there in the following?
i) 1 mole of chlorine molecule, Cl2
ii) 2 moles of sulphur molecules, S8
iii) 4 moles of ozone molecules, O3
iv) 2 moles of nitrogen molecules, N2
Answer:
we know that when gases are present in the molecular form, 1 mole of any gas is equal to 6.023 x 1023 molecules of that gas, which is equal to the gram molecular weight of gas in the combined state.
(i) 1 mole of chlorine molecules contains 71 grams of Cl2. (2×35.5)
(ii) 2 moles of sulphur molecules contain 512 grams of S8. (2×32×8)
(iii) 4 moles of ozone molecules contain 192 grams of O3. (4× 16× 3)
(iv) 2 moles of nitrogen molecules contain 56 grams of N2. (2× 14× 2)
Question 6.
Find how many moles of atoms are there in:
i) 2 g of nitrogen.
ii) 23 g of sodium
iii) 40 g of calcium.
iv) 1.4 g of lithium
v) 32 g of sulphur.
Answer:
We know the formula that
Applying the above formula for all cases.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)