Class 12th Chemistry Part I CBSE Solution
Intext Questions Pg-98- For the reaction R → P, the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03M to 0.02M in 25…
- In a reaction, 2A → Products, the concentration of A decreases from 0.5 mol L-1 to 0.4 mol…
Intext Questions Pg-103- For a reaction, A + B → Product; the rate law is given by, r = k [A]1/2 [B]^2 . What is…
- The conversion of molecules X to Y follows second order kinetics. If concentration of X is…
Intext Questions Pg-111- A first order reaction has a rate constant 1.15 × 10-3 s-1. How long will 5 g of this…
- Time required to decompose SO2Cl2 to half of its initial amount is 60 minutes. If the…
Intext Questions Pg-116- What will be the effect of temperature on rate constant ?
- The rate of the chemical reaction doubles for an increase of 10K in absolute temperature…
- The activation energy for the reaction 2 HI(g) → H2 + I2 (g) is 209.5 kJ mol-1 at…
Exercises- From the rate expression for the following reactions, determine their order of reaction…
- For the reaction : 2A + B → A2B the Rate = k[A][B]^2 with k = 2.0 × 10-6 mol-2 L^2 sec-1.…
- The decomposition of NH3 on platinum surface is zero order reaction. What are the rates of…
- The decomposition of dimethyl ether leads to formation of CH4, H2 and CO and the reaction…
- Mention the factors that affect the rate of chemical reaction?
- A reaction is second order with respect to a reactant. How is the rate of reaction…
- What is the effect of temperature on the rate constant of a reaction? How can this effect…
- In a pseudo first order hydrolysis of ester in water, the following results were obtained…
- A reaction is First Order in A and second order in B. (i) Write the differential rate…
- In a reaction between A and B, the initial rate of reaction(r0)was measured for different…
- The following results have been obtained during the kinetic studies of the reaction: 2A +…
- The reaction between A and B is first order with respect to A and zero order with respect…
- Calculate the half life of a first order reaction from their rate constants given below:…
- The half-life for radioactive decay of 14C is 5730 years. An archeological artifact…
- The experiemental data for decomposition of N2O5 [2N2O5→ 4NO2 + O2] in gas phase at 318 k…
- The rate constant for a first order reaction is 60 s-1. How much time will it take to…
- During nuclear explosion, one of the products is^90 Sr with half-life of 28.1 years. If…
- For a first order reaction, show that time required for 99% completion is twice the time…
- A first order reaction takes 40 min for 30% decomposition. Calculate t1/2.…
- For the decomposition of azoisopropane to hexane and nitrogen at 543 K, the following data…
- The following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition of SO2Cl2 at…
- The rate constant for the decomposition of N2O5 at various temperatures is given below:…
- The rate constant for the decomposition of hydrocarbons is 2.418 × 10-5s-1 at 546 K. If…
- Consider a certain reaction A → Products with k = 2.0 × 10-2s-1. Calculate the…
- Sucrose decomposes in acid solution into glucose and fructose according to the first order…
- The decomposition of hydrocarbon follows the equation k = (4.5 × 10^11 s-1) e-28000K/T.…
- The rate constant for the first order decomposition of H2O2 is given by the following…
- The decomposition of A into product has value of k as 4.5 × 10^3 s-1 at 10°C and energy of…
- The time required for 10% completion of a first order reaction at 298K is equal to that…
- The rate of a reaction quadruples when the temperature changes from 293 K to 313 K.…
- For the reaction R → P, the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03M to 0.02M in 25…
- In a reaction, 2A → Products, the concentration of A decreases from 0.5 mol L-1 to 0.4 mol…
- For a reaction, A + B → Product; the rate law is given by, r = k [A]1/2 [B]^2 . What is…
- The conversion of molecules X to Y follows second order kinetics. If concentration of X is…
- A first order reaction has a rate constant 1.15 × 10-3 s-1. How long will 5 g of this…
- Time required to decompose SO2Cl2 to half of its initial amount is 60 minutes. If the…
- What will be the effect of temperature on rate constant ?
- The rate of the chemical reaction doubles for an increase of 10K in absolute temperature…
- The activation energy for the reaction 2 HI(g) → H2 + I2 (g) is 209.5 kJ mol-1 at…
- From the rate expression for the following reactions, determine their order of reaction…
- For the reaction : 2A + B → A2B the Rate = k[A][B]^2 with k = 2.0 × 10-6 mol-2 L^2 sec-1.…
- The decomposition of NH3 on platinum surface is zero order reaction. What are the rates of…
- The decomposition of dimethyl ether leads to formation of CH4, H2 and CO and the reaction…
- Mention the factors that affect the rate of chemical reaction?
- A reaction is second order with respect to a reactant. How is the rate of reaction…
- What is the effect of temperature on the rate constant of a reaction? How can this effect…
- In a pseudo first order hydrolysis of ester in water, the following results were obtained…
- A reaction is First Order in A and second order in B. (i) Write the differential rate…
- In a reaction between A and B, the initial rate of reaction(r0)was measured for different…
- The following results have been obtained during the kinetic studies of the reaction: 2A +…
- The reaction between A and B is first order with respect to A and zero order with respect…
- Calculate the half life of a first order reaction from their rate constants given below:…
- The half-life for radioactive decay of 14C is 5730 years. An archeological artifact…
- The experiemental data for decomposition of N2O5 [2N2O5→ 4NO2 + O2] in gas phase at 318 k…
- The rate constant for a first order reaction is 60 s-1. How much time will it take to…
- During nuclear explosion, one of the products is^90 Sr with half-life of 28.1 years. If…
- For a first order reaction, show that time required for 99% completion is twice the time…
- A first order reaction takes 40 min for 30% decomposition. Calculate t1/2.…
- For the decomposition of azoisopropane to hexane and nitrogen at 543 K, the following data…
- The following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition of SO2Cl2 at…
- The rate constant for the decomposition of N2O5 at various temperatures is given below:…
- The rate constant for the decomposition of hydrocarbons is 2.418 × 10-5s-1 at 546 K. If…
- Consider a certain reaction A → Products with k = 2.0 × 10-2s-1. Calculate the…
- Sucrose decomposes in acid solution into glucose and fructose according to the first order…
- The decomposition of hydrocarbon follows the equation k = (4.5 × 10^11 s-1) e-28000K/T.…
- The rate constant for the first order decomposition of H2O2 is given by the following…
- The decomposition of A into product has value of k as 4.5 × 10^3 s-1 at 10°C and energy of…
- The time required for 10% completion of a first order reaction at 298K is equal to that…
- The rate of a reaction quadruples when the temperature changes from 293 K to 313 K.…
Intext Questions Pg-98
Question 1.For the reaction R → P, the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03M to 0.02M in 25 minutes. Calculate the average rate of reaction using units of time both in minutes and seconds.
Answer:Given-
Initial concentration(R1) = 0.03M
Final concentration(R2) = 0.02M
Time = 25 mins.
The formula for average rate of the reaction is,
→ Equation 1
∵ {R} = (R2)-( R1), the equation 1 is written as,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
= 4 × 10-4 mol L-1 min-1
The average rate of reaction in seconds is given by,
= ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(dividing by 60 to convert minutes to seconds)
= 6.6 × 10-6 mol L-1 s-1
The average rate of the reaction in minutes is4 × 10-4 mol L-1 min-1 and in seconds is 6.6 × 10-6 mol L-1 s-1
Question 2.In a reaction, 2A → Products, the concentration of A decreases from 0.5 mol L–1 to 0.4 mol L–1 in 10 minutes. Calculate the rate during this interval?
Answer:Given-
Initial concentration(A1) = 0.5M
Final concentration(A2) = 0.4M
Time = 10 mins.
The formula for average rate of the reaction is,
→ Equation 1
∵ {A} = (A2)-( A1), the equation 1 is written as,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
= ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
= 0.005 mol L-1 min-1
= 5 × 10-3 mol L-1 min-1
The average rate of the reaction is5 × 10-3 mol L-1 min-1
For the reaction R → P, the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03M to 0.02M in 25 minutes. Calculate the average rate of reaction using units of time both in minutes and seconds.
Answer:
Given-
Initial concentration(R1) = 0.03M
Final concentration(R2) = 0.02M
Time = 25 mins.
The formula for average rate of the reaction is,
→ Equation 1
∵ {R} = (R2)-( R1), the equation 1 is written as,
= 4 × 10-4 mol L-1 min-1
The average rate of reaction in seconds is given by,
=
(dividing by 60 to convert minutes to seconds)
= 6.6 × 10-6 mol L-1 s-1
The average rate of the reaction in minutes is4 × 10-4 mol L-1 min-1 and in seconds is 6.6 × 10-6 mol L-1 s-1
Question 2.
In a reaction, 2A → Products, the concentration of A decreases from 0.5 mol L–1 to 0.4 mol L–1 in 10 minutes. Calculate the rate during this interval?
Answer:
Given-
Initial concentration(A1) = 0.5M
Final concentration(A2) = 0.4M
Time = 10 mins.
The formula for average rate of the reaction is,
→ Equation 1
∵ {A} = (A2)-( A1), the equation 1 is written as,
=
= 0.005 mol L-1 min-1
= 5 × 10-3 mol L-1 min-1
The average rate of the reaction is5 × 10-3 mol L-1 min-1
Intext Questions Pg-103
Question 1.For a reaction, A + B → Product; the rate law is given by, r = k [ A]1/2 [B]2. What is the order of the reaction?
Answer:The order of the reaction is sum of the powers of concentration of reactants in the rate law. According to this,
The order of the reaction = 1/2 + 2
= ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
The order of the reaction is 2.5
Question 2.The conversion of molecules X to Y follows second order kinetics. If concentration of X is increased to three times how will it affect the rate of formation of Y ?
Answer:Let the reaction be X→Y
As, this reaction follows second order kinetics, the rate of the reaction will be,
Rate = k(X)2 → Equation 1
Since the concentration of X is increased three times, Equation 1
will become,
Rate = k(3X)2
= k × 9(X)2
∴ The rate of formation of Y will become 9 times.
Thus, the rate of formation of Y will become 9 times
For a reaction, A + B → Product; the rate law is given by, r = k [ A]1/2 [B]2. What is the order of the reaction?
Answer:
The order of the reaction is sum of the powers of concentration of reactants in the rate law. According to this,
The order of the reaction = 1/2 + 2
=
The order of the reaction is 2.5
Question 2.
The conversion of molecules X to Y follows second order kinetics. If concentration of X is increased to three times how will it affect the rate of formation of Y ?
Answer:
Let the reaction be X→Y
As, this reaction follows second order kinetics, the rate of the reaction will be,
Rate = k(X)2 → Equation 1
Since the concentration of X is increased three times, Equation 1
will become,
Rate = k(3X)2
= k × 9(X)2
∴ The rate of formation of Y will become 9 times.
Thus, the rate of formation of Y will become 9 times
Intext Questions Pg-111
Question 1.A first order reaction has a rate constant 1.15 × 10-3 s-1. How long will 5 g of this reactant take to reduce to 3 g?
Answer:Given-
Rate constant, k = 1.15 × 10-3 s-1
Initial quantity, R0 = 5 g
Final quantity, R = 3 g
According to the formula of first order reaction,
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAIYAAAAqCAMAAABBedM2AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAHtQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjoAOjpmOjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkGY6kLbbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ2////7Zm/7aQ/9uQ/9u2//+2///byc6tGgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAACzElEQVRYR+1Y2XabMBCVSGKapaFuimO5LbFDAf3/F3YWARK2kZDIyUM7Dz7xWBpd3dFsEeK/RDGgT1spb/dmrz7e99/0TsrHX6C3dDMn6FKiPOCOCFHyRbTFzW/eqrJX0ZYZoNLl3Xtbon7UzZrvio0Qpxz3RoiCzaKSPwyM4VuN9mrUuyuuHqFLx1IEFD5uEEUc4AfdkGnq+fLAqOVzDIDzQ9rdE/gXfYIw8FMI1s2LYSPSKWi7yQcyukLKJziaYfRgWBcA45THk6FLZ+8pBwfYMOB40vlgQKAkcMFsWoL+7Xnof/L7HM20xa0P7dW7qM2E8AaZNU+054l0s0K3qSXhhpyTffd50f29wkdQ8yHsHoobimH8y9L5YWjKOaLavDdfFiUQWq7VMwUnWWmHICHPWLpZGBzcTQ5buqJHH8yIohwMr4HMtLtcyq8cpJDkKT4s3YxVTOaIQ8Ez7b7B1SjrfaoMMKqU0Ll+hUCzo1OoJKwvgWbVnXmigeuXAg00221l9oK2A9d/EIzBLMKooIPxVqRlQPh2DQQRd0QHCCwpuf5dElwPec1bkJahYJKbHDol7ohu9uLNaRIm9nB9/WijMAkirf4QDMoIWJUpf489yYUrwfqjg+LKtTl5hYl5cl2BGR8/DQwqBJdMYDWYc9lCV4zLkQ2GQRAUfD16nNLkTjpdzSkjG4AFWgyKzJkn6naY0QzYG/nlY2RQx1b5qj/31KunUjKLLRCV4Unbdn5ReBrZHinzwV3GEZkV4tiXYchMIFyRP0+6LbbSf4aGOnFym1wkuHGqqE/mJ0uSNrlNYATXI+qT9WFs2leY3AYsB/S3dx6g5Th4S2uSYhj+Lj7oHQWzcWYtfXKzTCbCSJncpjkqiLYLbKRVTsdgGhspk9uKMPrJLY7P9d6GmdySYeC8+jOqsbcmt2QUQhxkZv/3J9iiPbkFb/pnFv4FSSw578bfL3YAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
t = ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
t = 443.8 s
t = 4.438 × 102 s
The time taken for 5g of the reactant to reduce to 3 g is 4.438 × 102 s
Question 2.Time required to decompose SO2Cl2 to half of its initial amount is 60 minutes. If the decomposition is a first order reaction, calculate the rate constant of the reaction.
Answer:Given-
60 mins
Using the formula for half life,
, we get,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFQAAAAqCAMAAAAanYxCAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAHVQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOjoAOjpmOjqQOmaQOma2OpC2OpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAkGY6kLaQkLbbkNv/tmYAtmY6tpA6ttv/tv//25A627Zm27aQ29v/2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bs0KRlQAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAB2ElEQVRIS92W6VbDIBCFoRvaVqumCy5pmqW8/yM6M2xJjp4SQM9RfrQ0ZT4uzEAuY/+xqT3n63e/MvUqljX8rJ44X+Bzdb6D3mnK2lWxrLti/mFjGrG9YL+cHZmS+FxCrytmU6gNjm74i4E24pl6192j/ZQrnMONCFFMYq47DCSK6bQCp8Fl6D9oWGjTYdedCXaStVIL7fab3q7fZOswp0jOD5CfLTyS8xNTb1xPyfnGKL4JxAFDqCr4Q80qASqxKBYHuxuViFm+3kqjWNqdbBFPreG2F6LVJEqHGGhpZZWukDw+BEq14vKjk2yVUi2oAif0RRcCxcSTQCK0YlWzs6nJSmDGFNZ952orhMlYB+nG3OoSbfFwHjGyFff0zbq90AXxI63kk85qoAY60rnb34KW5pbNtgu4fFVA0eVsCG3WfabktkXnEKDnAfMbxW6m2x08q5zuwqwNlMI57iPzLH/izRKwJrqqZHRKvpwBtnR2gpfDpPs6QGvcEOtPxr4ljqajrD8Z+5Y0pvYnbORbUpjOn2hD4n+mQN3bbeRbUpigz/iTkW9JgXp/khVKtwW89e3yB+c8Tm/Pnwx8SxzNRnl/MvQtSVTvT5xvSeLpYO9PrG/JAP19xCcmOCbupvmkdQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
∴ k = 1.155 × 10-2 min-1
The rate constant of the reaction, k is1.155 × 10-2 min-1
A first order reaction has a rate constant 1.15 × 10-3 s-1. How long will 5 g of this reactant take to reduce to 3 g?
Answer:
Given-
Rate constant, k = 1.15 × 10-3 s-1
Initial quantity, R0 = 5 g
Final quantity, R = 3 g
According to the formula of first order reaction,
t =
t = 443.8 s
t = 4.438 × 102 s
The time taken for 5g of the reactant to reduce to 3 g is 4.438 × 102 s
Question 2.
Time required to decompose SO2Cl2 to half of its initial amount is 60 minutes. If the decomposition is a first order reaction, calculate the rate constant of the reaction.
Answer:
Given-
60 mins
Using the formula for half life, , we get,
∴ k = 1.155 × 10-2 min-1
The rate constant of the reaction, k is1.155 × 10-2 min-1
Intext Questions Pg-116
Question 1.What will be the effect of temperature on rate constant ?
Answer:The rate constant of a chemical reaction normally increases with increase in temperature. It is observed that for a chemical reaction with rise in temperature by 10°C, the rate constant is nearly doubled and this temperature dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction can
be accurately explained by Arrhenius equation,
k = A ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Thus, the rate constant of a chemical reaction normally increases with increase in temperature.
Question 2.The rate of the chemical reaction doubles for an increase of 10K in absolute temperature from 298K. Calculate Ea.
Answer:Given-
Initial temperature, T1 = 298 K
Final temperature, T2 = 298 K + 10 K = 308 K
Knowing that the rate constant of a chemical reaction normally increases with increase in temperature, we assume that,
Initial value of rate constant, k1 = k
Final value of rate constant, k2 = 2k
Using Arrhenius equation,
→ Equation 1
where, R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 (gas constant).
Substituting all the values in equation 1, we get,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
log 2 = ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Ea = ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Ea = ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Ea = 52897 J mol-1
Ea = 52.897 kJ mol-1
The energy of activation, Ea is 52.897 kJ mol-1
Question 3.The activation energy for the reaction 2 HI(g) → H2 + I2 (g) is 209.5 kJ mol–1 at 581K.Calculate the fraction of molecules of reactants having energy equal to or greater than activation energy?
Answer:Given-
Energy of activation, Ea= 209.5 kJ mol–1
Ea in joules = 209.5 × 1000 = 209500 J mol–1
Temperature, T = 581K
Gas constant, R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1
Using Arrhenius equation,
k = A ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In this equation, the term
represents the number of molecules which have kinetic energy greater than the activation energy, Ea.
∴ The number of molecules =
→ Equation 1
Substituting all the known values in equation 1, we get,
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
= e-43.3708
Finding the value of anti ln(43.3708), we get, 1.47 × 10-19
The fraction of molecules of reactants having energy equal to or greater than activation energy is1.47 × 10-19
What will be the effect of temperature on rate constant ?
Answer:
The rate constant of a chemical reaction normally increases with increase in temperature. It is observed that for a chemical reaction with rise in temperature by 10°C, the rate constant is nearly doubled and this temperature dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction can
be accurately explained by Arrhenius equation,
k = A
Thus, the rate constant of a chemical reaction normally increases with increase in temperature.
Question 2.
The rate of the chemical reaction doubles for an increase of 10K in absolute temperature from 298K. Calculate Ea.
Answer:
Given-
Initial temperature, T1 = 298 K
Final temperature, T2 = 298 K + 10 K = 308 K
Knowing that the rate constant of a chemical reaction normally increases with increase in temperature, we assume that,
Initial value of rate constant, k1 = k
Final value of rate constant, k2 = 2k
Using Arrhenius equation,
→ Equation 1
where, R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 (gas constant).
Substituting all the values in equation 1, we get,
log 2 =
Ea =
Ea =
Ea = 52897 J mol-1
Ea = 52.897 kJ mol-1
The energy of activation, Ea is 52.897 kJ mol-1
Question 3.
The activation energy for the reaction 2 HI(g) → H2 + I2 (g) is 209.5 kJ mol–1 at 581K.Calculate the fraction of molecules of reactants having energy equal to or greater than activation energy?
Answer:
Given-
Energy of activation, Ea= 209.5 kJ mol–1
Ea in joules = 209.5 × 1000 = 209500 J mol–1
Temperature, T = 581K
Gas constant, R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1
Using Arrhenius equation,
k = A
In this equation, the term represents the number of molecules which have kinetic energy greater than the activation energy, Ea.
∴ The number of molecules = → Equation 1
Substituting all the known values in equation 1, we get,
⇒
= e-43.3708
Finding the value of anti ln(43.3708), we get, 1.47 × 10-19
The fraction of molecules of reactants having energy equal to or greater than activation energy is1.47 × 10-19
Exercises
Question 1.From the rate expression for the following reactions, determine their order of reaction and dimensions of the rate constants.
(i) 3NO(g) → N2O (g) Rate = k[NO]2
(ii) H2O2 (aq) + 3I–(aq) + 2H+→ 2H2O(l) + I–3 Rate = k[H2O2][I–]
(iii) CH3CHO(g) → CH4(g) + CO(g) Rate = k[CH3CHO]3/2
(iv) C2H5Cl (g) → C2H4(g) + HCl (g) Rate = k[C2H5Cl]
Order is sum of all powers of the concentrations of the reactant in “rate law expression”
Answer:(i) 3NO(g) → N2O(g)
Rate = k[NO]2
Here rate law is dependent on concentration of NO only.And power raised to concentration of NO is 2. Hence order of reaction is 2.
To find dimensions of rate constant (K)- We know rate of chemical reaction is measured in
. So, unit of K will be
i.e. [concentration]-1[ time]-1 . If concentration is in mol L-1 and time is in sec. then dimensions of k will be : mol-1 L sec-1
(ii) H2O2(aq) + 3I-(aq) + 2H+ → 2 H2O(l) + I3-
Rate = k[H2O2][I-]
Here rate law is dependent on concentration of H2O2 and I-. And power raised to concentration of H2O2 is 1, and power raised to concentration of I- is 1. order is sum of powers hence, order of given reaction is 2.
To find dimensions of rate constant (K)- We know rate of chemical reaction is measured in [concentration/time]. So, unit of K will be [Concentration]/[time][concentration]2 i.e. [concentration]-1[ time]-1. If concentration is in mol L-1 and time is in sec then dimensions of k will bemol-1 L sec-1
(iii) CH3CHO(g) → CH4(g) + CO(g)
Rate = k[CH3CHO]3/2
Here rate law is dependent on concentration of CH3CHO.And power raised to CH3CHO is 3/2. Hence order of reaction is 3/2.
To find dimensions of rate constant (K)- We know rate of chemical reaction is measured in [concentration/time]. So, unit of K will be [Concentration]/[time][concentration]3/2 i.e. [concentration]-1/2[time]-1.
If concentration is in mol L-1 and time is in sec. Then dimensions of K will be mol-1/2L1/2 sec-1
(iv) C2H5Cl (g) → C2H4(g) + HCl(g)
Rate = k[C2H5Cl]
Here rate law is dependent on concentration of C2H5Cl. And power raised to C2H5Cl is 1. Hence order of reaction is 1.
To find dimensions of rate constant (K)- We know rate of chemical reaction is measured in [concentration/time]. So, unit of K will be [Concentration]/[time][concentration]1. i.e. [time]-1
If concentration is in mol L-1 and time is in sec. Then dimensions of K will be sec-1.
Question 2.For the reaction :
2A + B → A2B
the Rate = k[A][B]2 with k = 2.0 × 10-6 mol-2 L2 sec-1. Calculate the initial rate of the reaction when [A] = 0.1 mol L-1 and [B] = 0.2 mol L-1. Calculate the rate of reaction after [A] is reduced to 0.06 mol L-1.
Answer:a) Rate = k[A][B]2, Rate = 2.0 × 10-6[0.1][0.2]2
Rate = 8 × 10-9 mol L-1sec-1
b) ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Situation when A is remained 0.06 mol L-1
Now, According to rate law, Rate = k[A][B]2
Rate = 2 × 10-6[0.06][0.18]2
i.e. Rate = 3.888 × 10-9 mol L-1sec-1
Initial rate of reaction is 8 × 10-9 mol L-1sec-1. and rate when concentration of A is 0.06 mol L-1 is 3.888 × 10-9 mol L-1sec-1.
Question 3.The decomposition of NH3 on platinum surface is zero order reaction.
What are the rates of production of N2 and H2. if k = 2.5 × 10-4 mol L-1 sec-1?
Answer:2NH3(g) → N2(g) + 3H2(g)
Rate of zero order reaction is equal to rate constant. i.e. Rate = 2.5 × 10-4mol L-1sec-1.
According to rate law, ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2.5 × 10-4mol L-1sec-1 = ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
i.e. the rate of production of N2 is 2.5 × 10-4mol L-1 sec-1.
According to rate law,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
i.e. rate of formation of H2 is 3 times rate of reaction = 3 × 2.5 × 10-4mol L-1sec-1
= 7.5 × 10-4mol L-1sec-1
Rate of formation of N2 and H2 is 2.5 × 10-4 mol L-1sec-1 and 7.5 × 10-4 mol L-1sec-1 respectively.
Question 4.The decomposition of dimethyl ether leads to formation of CH4, H2 and CO and the reaction rate is given by,
Rate = k[CH3OCH3]3/2. The rate of reaction is followed by an increase in pressure in a closed vessel, so the rate can also be expressed in terms of the partial pressure of dimethyl ether i.e. Rate = k[pCH3OCH3]3/2. If the pressure is measured in bar and time in minutes, then what are the units of rate and rate constants?
Answer:Rate of given chemical reaction will be represented as
.
Hence units of rate is bar min-1
To find units of K, K = rate/[pCH3OCH3]3/2
The unit of k = bar -1/2min-1.
Units of Rate- bar min-1. and Units of Rate constant K : bar -1/2min -1
Question 5.Mention the factors that affect the rate of chemical reaction?
Answer:Factors affecting rate of reaction-
1) Temperature (increasing temperature increases rate of reaction)
2) Concentration or pressure of reactants. (Increasing concentration or pressure increases rate of reaction)
3) Presence or absence of a catalyst. (Adding catalyst mostly increases the rate of reaction)
4) The surface area of solid reactant. (If reaction is processing over solid reactant then increasing its surface area increases rate of reaction)
5) Nature of reactants
Question 6.A reaction is second order with respect to a reactant. How is the rate of reaction affected if the concentration is
(i) doubled (ii) reduced to half
Answer:Let suppose reaction
A ⇒ B;
having rate law, Rate = K [A]2
(i) If the concentration of A is doubled then the rate will affect by the square of concentration i.e. rate will become 22 = 4 times.
(ii) If the concentration of A is halved then the rate will affect the square of concentration i.e (1/2)2 = 1/4 times.
(i) Rate becomes 4 times of initial Rate (ii) Rate becomes 1/4 times of initial Rate
Question 7.What is the effect of temperature on the rate constant of a reaction? How can this effect of temperature on rate constant be represented quantitatively?
Answer:Increase in temperature increases the rate constant of a reaction. as we know increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction to satisfy the equation Rate = k [concentration]n where n can be any real number. k have to increase as concentration is almost not changing over small temperature change. Increasing temperature by 100C almost double the rate constant.
This can be represented quantitively by the help of arrehinus equation-
K = Ae-Ea/RT, where k is rate constant, Ea is activation energy, R is universal gas constant, T is absolute temperature.
Question 8.In a pseudo first order hydrolysis of ester in water, the following results were obtained
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(i) Calculate the average rate of reaction between the time interval 30 to 60 seconds
(ii) Calculate the pseudo first-order rate constant for the hydrolysis of the ester.
Answer:(i) Average rate of reaction over interval is [change in concentration]/[time taken] i.e.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(ii) the pseudo first-order rate constant can be calculated by
K = (2.303/t) log(Ci/Ct) where K is Rate constant,
t is time taken,
Ci is initial concentration
Ct is Concentration at time t.
K = (2.303/30) log (0.55/0.31)
⇒ K = 1.9 × 10-2 sec-1
(i) Average rate between 30 to 60 sec is 0.00467 mol L-1sec-1
(ii) Pseudo first order rate constant is 1. × 10-2sec-1
Question 9.A reaction is First Order in A and second order in B.
(i) Write the differential rate equation.
(ii) How is the rate affected on increasing the concentration of B three times?
(iii) How is the rate affected when the concentrations of both A and B are doubled?
Answer:(i) Order is power raised to reactant in rate law, hence,
Rate = k[A][B]2
(ii) When the concentration of B is increased three times then the rate is affected by the square of reactant. The rate is increased by 9 Times.
(iii) When concentration of reactant both A and B is doubled then the rate will have affected as square of reactant B and Two times of Reactant A. Overall increase in rate is 8 times
(i) When the concentration of B is increased by three times, the rate is increased by nine times.
(ii) When conc. of both reactants doubled then Rate increased 8 times.
Question 10.In a reaction between A and B, the initial rate of reaction(r0)was measured for different initial concentrations of A and B are given below:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
What is the order of reaction with respect to A and B?
Answer:When concentration of B is changed then rate of reaction doesn't change that means order with respect to B is 0. But when the concentration of A is doubled rate increased by 2.82 times i.e.21.5 = 2.82.Hence order with respect to A is 1.5.
Order with respect to A and B is 1.5 and 0 respectively.
Question 11.The following results have been obtained during the kinetic studies of the reaction:
2A + B → C + D
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Determine the Rate law and the rate constant for the reaction.
Answer:By comparing Experiment I and IV if we increase the concentration of A by 4 times then Rate also increased by 4 times. That means order with respect to A is 1.
By comparing Experiment II and III if we double the concentration of B Rate increases by 4 times that means order with respect to B is 2.
Rate law of reaction will be, Rate = k [A][B]2
To find K, K = rate/[A][B]2 i.e. K = 6.0 × 10-3/[0.1][0.1]2
K = 6 mol-2L2sec-1
Order with respect to A and B is 1 and 2 Respectively. And value of K(rate constant) is = 6 mol-2L2sec-1
Question 12.The reaction between A and B is first order with respect to A and zero order with respect to B.Phil. in the blanks in the following table:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Answer:As reaction is first order with respect to A and zero Order with respect to B. Then changing the concentration of B won’t affect the rate of reaction and increasing concentration of A ‘n’ times will increase the rate by ‘n’ times. By this logic lets fill the table- In first blank space concentration of A will be 0.2 mol L-1 because the rate is doubled. In second blank space, Rate will be 8 × 10-2mol L-1min-1 because the concentration of A is increased 4 Times. In third blank space concentration of A will be 0.1 mol L-1 because the rate is same as in experiment I.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Question 13.Calculate the half life of a first order reaction from their rate constants given below:
(i) 200 s-1 (ii) 2 min-1 (iii) 4 years-1
Answer:Half life of first order reaction is, t1/2 = ln2/K where t1/2 is half life of first order reaction, K is rate constant of First order reaction.
(i) t1/2 = ln2/200 s-1
⇒ t1/2 = 0.693/200 s-1 (∵ ln2 = 0.693)
⇒ t1/2 = 0.003465 sec.
(ii) t1/2 = ln2/2 min-1
⇒ t1/2 = 0.693/2 min-1 (∵ ln2 = 0.693)
⇒ t1/2 = 0.3465 min
(iii) t1/2 = ln2/4 year-1
⇒ t1/2 = 0.693/4 years -1 (∵ ln2 = 0.693)
⇒ t1/2 = 0.17325 year.
Half life of 3 reactions are 0.003465 sec, 0.3465 min, 0.17325 year respectively.
Question 14.The half-life for radioactive decay of 14C is 5730 years. An archeological artifact containing wood had only 80%of the 14C found in a living tree. Estimate the age of the sample.
Answer:Radio active decay occurs via first order rate law,
t1/2 = 5730 years. rate constant(k) of given decay is 0.693/t1/2
⇒ 0.693/5730 = 1.2 × 10-4 year-1
By first order integrated rate law age of sample will be,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
where T is the age of sample A0 is the initial activity of the sample. and At is the activity of sample at any time t.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
T = 0.18 × 104 years.
Age of given sample is 0.18 × 104 years.
Question 15.The experiemental data for decomposition of N2O5
[2N2O5→ 4NO2 + O2]
in gas phase at 318 k are given below:
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAq0AAADNCAYAAACSN0nYAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAgAElEQVR4Xu2dB9QlRZmGRcEAiIiiLgIzILC7igkThlUwIIiigihr2B0FI6CuKKKoDIgZ5SzmFRURXRQM5xDEjCQxIUoUwfklCAiyRkRBZ9937OIUfereW3VD/9WXp855z+2uru6q7/mqq7+urn/mNrchQQACEIAABCAAAQhAAAIQgAAEIAABCEAAAhCAAAQgAAEIQAACEIAABCAAAQhAAAIQgAAEIAABCEAAAhCAAAQgAAEIQAACEIAABCAAAQhAAAIQgAAEIAABCEAAAhCAAAQgAAEIQAACEIAABCAAAQhAAAIQuHUTWC3D/JUZZSgCAQhAAAIQgAAEIACBRSVA0Lqo+Km8QwLz1NexpcOOU1DVPPklZTb2paj0Jw//9cdXqZbOvf9um7KaPAhAAAIQgAAEIAABCNREgKC1Jm/QFghAAAIQgAAEIACBJAGC1iQWMiEAAQhAAAIQgAAEaiJA0FqTN2gLBCAAAQhAAAIQgECSAEFrEguZEIAABCAAAQhAAAI1ESBorckbtAUCEIAABCAAAQhAIEmAoDWJhUwIQAACEIAABCAAgZoIELTW5A3aAgEIQAACEIAABCCQJEDQmsRCJgQgAAEIQAACEIBATQQIWmvyBm2BAAQgAAEIQAACEEgSIGhNYiETAhCAAAQgAAEIQKAmAgStNXmDtkAAAhCAAAQgAAEIJAkQtCaxkAkBCEAAAhCAAAQgUBMBgtaavEFbIAABCEAAAhCAAASSBAhak1jIhAAEIAABCEAAAhCoiQBBa03eoC0QgAAEIAABCEAAAkkCBK1JLGRCAAIQgAAEIAABCNREgKC1Jm/QFghAAAIQgAAEIACBJAGC1iQWMiEAAQhAAAIQgAAEaiJA0FqTN2gLBCAAAQhAAAIQgECSAEFrEguZEIAABCAAAQhAAAI1ESBorckbtAUCEIAABCAAAQhAIEmAoDWJhUwIQAACEIAABCAAgZoIELTW5A3aAgEIQAACEIAABCCQJEDQmsRCJgQgAAEIQAACEIBATQQIWmvyBm2BAAQgAAEIQAACEEgSIGhNYiETAhCAAAQgAAEIQKAmAgStNXmDtkAAAhCAAAQgAAEIJAkQtCaxkAkBCEAAAhCAAAQgUBMBgtaavEFbIAABCEAAAhCAAASSBAhak1jIhAAEIAABCEAAAhCoiQBBa03eoC0QgAAEIAABCEAAAkkCBK1JLGRCAAIQgAAEIAABCNREgKC1Jm/QFghAAAIQgAAEIACBJAGC1iQWMiEAAQhAAAIQgAAEaiJA0FqTN2gLBCAAAQhAAAIQgECSAEFrEguZELhVEjhaVq+UtrxVWl+f0UvUpFOly+tr2lRaNO/2TQXSHF2E8WWOnFmzKX6IjUpLVWC5dK8hBb+lYwcNOc4hCCw2gZy+7jauK31M+pl0gXSCtPliN75Vf64t4bRHacPnDApac232i/DrpfOln0o/kLYPlYz5m2vL1rr+V5u6z9Hv96VdE3X2wZbd1O4F6RJpUNDql4sPS+6DttfMPySlxuESv+yka/xIsv98zddIq0k5KddXOfaF+v5dG6dJbtMvpO9Jbb/WZF+JX2bRF2ftvxL7gg9HjS999V/umFOTffeRU94rndXoIv06Pts2OKv5LfFzTfateoiNStuogMs9aEDBuyj/r9LDBxwnGwI1EMjp6354nyKdKN1B8v67pCuk9WswomlDji2hubbhTOk4KRW0lth8sK5xqXTv5uI76tf3/uOa/XF+cmzxS8MfJQdtHkCddpd8rh/iIfXBFverk6WNpWOlQUHr2TrmfrhOY5z7nwO7FdLaTV74yfXLdjrB/goPsKXavlrav3W9Qbs5vsq1z3W8QfqhFPrT7bX9BekDrQbUZF+uX2bRF7vwX659wUWjxheX66P/csec2uzbSw36lbRZ46Db6fdQ6Qbp/k2ef0r8XJP/phK0PlsArpLceUkQqJVAzgP3mWp8O7C7o/J+Jzl4rSXl2BLa+lxt+E17D6ltm8vk2uwZvr9IHhTj5NlPz46Nm3Js8Wygy23SquTX2v9MlNcHWzxOhsB7VNDanijYpeHwvMjmEr/8ROe5zjg5cLxeWq+Vn9rN8VWufVuoghulto0btfJqs88P+3abU36ZRV/swn+59oX+MWp86av/csec2uxzv3t56+bdUPu+d/eN8nP93Kl9YWBstb9o93UqfUxzhh9OnhXwJ8E4ebbFMwJhQHu8tk+XPD3tT1DHS0+NT2AbApUS8MPnGuncqH1+Qz1D8rG+JQfcb5P2GdLwXJt9D3smzAFwnLzvryweGGeVbmouvHqrAs8i/C3K64MtHif/ngHKTP1giZNnUJzuGmXm+sUzLw+QUv67k/KfEl1zks1c+/5TlXiyo23jZa282uzL9cu0+2JX/su1z30kZ3zpq/9yx5za7PuS/OJlRXEKX2uujTJz/dypfdMIWt8jI8P6oidr2w+mh0WGu44dJK/7c7qndJz0VmkryW+kF0p7+SAJApUT8EN9RaKNzttUWitxrOYsB6vfkX48pJG5NrucU5tP2A/Hh1Q19qGjdObF0nLJAZbHHa+tDZ++woX7YEto66hff8ZvJ89OOtmnIeX6JbdcdOmZbnodpH3qWWNPcvg5cZrkNa5xym13brnW5Yt3S/zSvldcWXssyW13brlig1on5Nrn03LHl2B3XFV73KjNvpIxpyb72v7316nDpFOk+KtUrp9z/ZJbrt2+W+y3ZyWGFh7z4CN0nte0fq0532sm1pS8oN7JMwqHSE9v9vmBQM0E7q7GnZdo4O+V58+e/oT6p8TxGrP8WWdvyS+Pw1KuzS7n2Yc/ty5mNk53a+VPc/c6XewJ0pGSt/0527+eHYwD8j7YMi4X978XS37wnBNdJNcvLucU/BUu0YX/oubevOllAO6jfvHwJ03PAu0m2T7fZx+UnGq3b5hfcsaSvtpXMr7kjBuL1T8H+a9kzKnRvs1173xb8npxz756yYCXdw1Kgzh02j+nMdM6yMCQ76UBjuD/0GR4zc3vpG9KXlqwRPInoI82x/mBAAS6IeBlAR+RwiflbmqdTS1b6rJeN+s/RFpXWl/y15xvSM+YTZXVXfXVje17Vtey8RrkT8v+cvEayWuTPcHxWekr0oGSg9k+pHnzS5v5IPvmZXwZZF/fx5yfy5H+Mu7JhKslv+g+tO3caH8QhyGnTP9QF0Gr1zuEpQG2wOsBvVbCQesB0oLkT1kPlEgQqJ2AZ3vunGjkOspbKfntuw/J99uTpHdnNDbXZpfz1xsHG3EyG6ff3DJ7qntvb662r349W+AAx7OuHlscmIfUB1ui5mZvPlslXyFtL3lSIE65fnE5p3b/7sJ/t2zxP/Y80eF76qetg54594N2kya/ZvtG+aXN2ia1x5I+2lc6vuSMG4vRP4f5r2TMqdU+9zc/s/aS/EXlsOaeav8M49Bp/5x10Ooo3p33+BaBi7S/TPLngz0kr8PyH3H5jzhIEKiZgB+gmyYa6Aeol7z0ZWmAA1YHl+dLC43e2djle9F5z2n2c20OwUWbTwgu2sFHc/mp/HjZkf9N0/iPrnxhjzVeR2859cGWpqnZP7uopGeVvTzi8sRZuX7JLZeoYiZZXsPqT5JWnIKPw/Mrt9255aZlTI5f2veK626PJbntzi3XhX2l44vb1GbRHjdqss/tLRlzarLPa/5T95RnWrdKdI6cflyTfVn/5NWj1WK/ET+4Mdj795BeJnngiZOPvbiV9yLt+3yvrSBBYLEIuA+OSjurgMvdLyrof3fyt9K7Rp3c4fEcW9rN8Qukz9uydSDXZr+Eepaz/Xn6JOX50/24KccWX/9SqT0Yf1l5N0j2kVMfbGmauurnWCkViIYytudn0sbRSY/U9gHRfolfHBgcE53rzf2k6yXPbo5KOb6KrzHMvvBcaH+y/IIu4Fn7sDygRvty/DKLvtiV/3Lsa/eVQeNLX/2XO+bUZt9pcsxj2s7R/g+l9lKxHD/XZl9W0OoF8x6sniZ5tvRKyQ/146RDpDg9SzsrpA2aTA88H5cuvGUx9iDQOYGcB66DolMkL3kJXwbeoW3f7F5HWUvKsaXd1kEPlRKbD9ZFfymF+3sHbfuvUB/XrqxgP8eWF+h6Lud/MSAk/2sm/gOIw6K8PtgSNXdo0OoHiv/o7Y3S8yN5yccR8UW0neuX7VTWLx7BX0u07b852L91vUG7Ob6Kzx0WtK6hgmdLX5f8x7tOnk2+UWq/GNVkX65fZtEXu/Bfrn2Ny27+GTS+uEAf/Zc75tRmn4NWP8M8sRjS3trwvbtvlFfi55r8lxW02k4vuvbDyn8N+XbJnx79qXRbH4ySlwx8QDpX8oDk8n6zb38aiM9hGwJdEMh94K6rxhwu+dPzBdKJ0hZdNLCgjlxbfEl//ViQvDbJ513R7IdAwWVybb6tynpmzlw86+O3dweuk6RcW/zS7MHYdXt88dpHBzertyrvgy1+kV+QPIY68Pb2WS07PLNsNikd0Spb4pedmrrsP7PcR2rPYLcuf/Nurq9y7PNF/SJ4hGRbPaNsnzpAb6ea7Cvxyyz64qz9V2Kf/ZQzvvTVf7ljTk32eZb1CMmxl/8w3kvETpF2leJU4uea7MsOWlv23mZHZfiTafuB0S7HPgRqIZD7wK2lvcPagS3D6CzesXnyS4oi9qWo9CcP//XHV6mWzr3/HB3PKjlo9R90eJaABAEIQAACEIAABCAAgZkSmPfIfabwuHivCMxTX8eWOrvePPklRRj7UlT6k4f/+uOrVEvn3n+znGlNASUPAhCAAAQgAAEIQAACxQQIWouRcQIEIAABCEAAAhCAQNcECFq7Jk59EIAABCAAAQhAAALFBAhai5FxAgQgAAEIQAACEIBA1wQIWrsmTn0QgAAEIAABCEAAAsUECFqLkXECBCAAAQhAAAIQgEDXBAhauyZOfRCAAAQgAAEIQAACxQQIWouRcQIEIAABCEAAAhCAQNcECFq7Jk59EIAABCAAAQhAAALFBAhai5FxAgQgAAEIQAACEIBA1wQIWrsmTn0QgAAEIAABCEAAAsUECFqLkXECBCAAAQhAAAIQgEDXBAhauyZOfRCAAAQgAAEIQAACxQQIWouRcQIEIAABCEAAAhCAQNcECFq7Jk59EIAABCAAAQhAAALFBAhai5FxAgQgAAEIQAACEIBA1wQIWrsmTn0QgAAEIAABCEAAAsUECFqLkXECBCAAAQhAAAIQgEDXBAhauyZOfRCAAAQgAAEIQAACxQQIWouRcQIEIAABCEAAAhCAQNcECFq7Jk59EIAABCAAAQhAAALFBAhai5FxAgQgAAEIQAACEIBA1wQIWrsmTn0QgAAEIAABCEAAAsUECFqLkXECBCAAAQhAAAIQgEDXBAhauyZOfRCAAAQgAAEIQAACxQQIWouRcQIEIAABCEAAAhCAQNcECFq7Jk59EIAABCAAAQhAAALFBAhai5FxAgQgAAEIQAACEIBA1wQIWrsmTn0QgAAEIAABCEAAAsUECFqLkXECBCAAAQhAAAIQgEDXBAhauyZOfRCAAAQgAAEIQAACxQQIWouRcQIEIAABCEAAAhCAQNcECFq7Jk59EIAABCAAAQhAAALFBAhai5FxAgQgAAEIQAACEIBA1wQIWrsmTn0QgAAEIAABCEAAAsUECFqLkXECBCAAAQhAAAIQgEDXBFbLqHBlRhmKQAACEIAABCAAAQhAYFEJELQuKn4q75DAPPV1bOmw4xRUNU9+SZmNfSkq/cnDf/3xVaqlc+8/lgek3E4eBCAAAQhAAAIQgEBVBAhaq3IHjYEABCAAAQhAAAIQSBEgaE1RIQ8CEIAABCAAAQhAoCoCBK1VuYPGQAACEIAABCAAAQikCBC0pqiQBwEIQAACEIAABCBQFQGC1qrcQWMgAAEIQAACEIAABFIECFpTVMiDAAQgAAEIQAACEKiKAEFrVe6gMRCAAAQgAAEIQAACKQIErSkq5EEAAhCAAAQgAAEIVEWAoLUqd9AYCEAAAhCAAAQgAIEUAYLWFBXyIAABCEAAAhCAAASqIkDQWpU7aAwEIAABCEAAAhCAQIoAQWuKCnkQgAAEIAABCEAAAlURIGityh00BgIQgAAEIAABCEAgRYCgNUWFPAhAAAIQgAAEIACBqggQtFblDhoDAQhAAAIQgAAEIJAiQNCaokIeBCAAAQhAAAIQgEBVBAhaq3IHjYEABCAAAQhAAAIQSBEgaE1RIQ8CEIAABCAAAQhAoCoCBK1VuYPGQAACEIAABCAAAQikCBC0pqiQBwEIQAACEIAABCBQFQGC1qrcQWMgAAEIQAACEIAABFIECFpTVMiDAAQgAAEIQAACEKiKAEFrVe6gMRCAAAQgAAEIQAACKQIErSkq5EEAAhCAAAQgAAEIVEWAoLUqd9AYCEAAAhCAAAQgAIEUAYLWFBXyIAABCEAAAhCAAASqIkDQWpU7aAwEIAABCEAAAhCAQIoAQWuKCnkQgAAEIAABCEAAAlURIGityh00BgIQgAAEIAABCEAgRYCgNUWFPAhAAAIQgAAEIACBqggQtFblDhoDAQhAAAIQgAAEIJAiQNCaokIeBCAAAQhAAAIQgEBVBAhaq3IHjYEABCAAAQhAAAIQSBEgaE1RIQ8CEIAABCAAAQhAoCoCBK1VuYPGQAACEIAABCAAAQikCBC0pqiQB4HRBJaoyKnS5aOLVl8CW/7hojX181FppbRZhtde1pTdK6MsRSAwSwL0xVnSHf/a+GV8dskzaw1ad1JrT5Q+LX1Z+px076QFZEIgTeBFyv6d9NT04Ylyd9PZ35E2GPMqD9F5x0tnST+TLpAOjK61trbfIJ0m/Ug6TzpbemlUZlqb49pS2sZRNk/DnnFtcd0Pln4gPTyzIeuo3EGZZccptq5O+pgU+scJ2t4880IbqdxnpBXSRZL70NNb55b6L7Pq7GLj2reHavBLxSA9JWrBhto+QrpQ+qnk+2h/aY2ozKw2x7UvtKfkfpl1X0wxmsS+i3XBlP+eEVXU1/4Zsxrml77aV9LuHD+n+tbEee5cXaczVeF2UaWHafuMrhtBfb0lcKRa/mbpJqkkaM3p63fQNU+WNpaOlUpnWrfROVdKW0sh7aONc6P9LbXttj8tyttF227fS6K8YZuztqWkjduooaNsXkxbXPfR0mOlvSSzGzXT+m6VOa4p63NyU45fVtPFTpH84u7+5v13SVdI64+oaD0dv0zyy77PdXqm9DcpvhdK/NdcJutn1vY5aDX357f0Fu3/SXIw5eTA1PfU96S7NHkP1O8fpfc2++P8zNo+t2kbqeR+Gbcvpuzvwr7zVXHbf973S0ZIfe2fMdNhfumrfSXtzvFzqg8Oy8vpn6sG8K7T7qrQA3VIT9CG2xEGpK7bQ339IrBJ09xZBK3ul+ELxbHaLglab6fyl0ivbuG8o/afFOW5/f5M3U5+c3Ugk5Ny7ttJbMltY67Nw2yatS2u2+10yglabfuvpIdJbtu0g1YHmb6uHxAhuY/4y4GD12HJM4k+tz0r+03leUY/pFz/DasrdSzHV5PYt7Mqbd8/bsch0ieiBm2lbbflha1Gfl77Dv7HTbO2r/R+maQvphjM2j7XGb+gp9rgvL72z2DPKL/01b6Sduf4eZD/B+Xn9M+ioHWJajpVKnmQD2pcnO9Bzm/It88pPIUyh+saDngWGoUZiylcutNLePbINvxBmrZPSg15dNMWc/UDpos0i6A1bndp0OrA1DfdpmMYv5rOuVryLHJOyrq5owuV2pJqQ6qNk9gc6ujSlpyg9Rg17FWSZ2PdtmkHrUfpmr9OAP6K8vziMix9UQdvSBQ4VHlu6xaJYyEr5b8hxZOHcnw1iX2pSh3QXyv5JSKkB2jDbXlxlOdN87m0lVeyO2v7Su+XSfpiyu5Z2+c6xw1m+tQ/x/FLn+yL+86gdo/r51S/DHkrw4zRsEK5x3LXk42zFuY5asT7pb/mNmYK5a7SNZY2+ktzPa8vu07yjf2KRB1eh+jg0Mf9uzxRZljW6jrohdvflTwb4GucIy2XvD6mNNknSyWvCR6UvqUDBw06OMX803WtpZK5jkrvUAF/HjNHzy6Z+zykR8mIv0v+xOsZU38+OVvyp801hhjoz5v+pOn+/9Yh5Rbz0KA2jmvzYtoyrO7H6KA/M39oWKEJjzngWpG4hvP8wrNW4ljI8idyP0SsOLnfOf3LLbNv3hvkvwHFJ8qexL5Uxbsqc0HymuSQvIbVAeorpQ2bzG30u7006/FuEvtK7pcu+mLgGf9OYp+v47jD45mfc15zfZIUr0WO6wrbfeqf4/ilT/bF/hnW7nH8nPJ9cV7Om5dnIk+WRq3z80B6ilSyVmtHlT9T8tt0V+lwVeSAMZWWKdNM/iz54ZVKqZmOVLk4707a8Sc8/9HEQ6MDm2nbMyy+uZfEJxRsD7LHHc6B0MMLrjVpUXPNmWn1g8ac95ugwpt07lMLzs/p6/HlSmcn7QevLfyF5D/8cfIfXDiQ95t5KvlB7HN+IsX9IlU2zpu1LXFdw9o4js1t27q0ZdhMq8ev70vhD0Z8b7pt055p9dKDr7chaP+dTX3+Q6tB6TVNmfu3CnhscVufnzhxmP8SxYdm5fhqEvtSlZ+hzD0SB/xlzstsPA64Tr8Ap8olTh2YNWv7cu+XafTFlJGzts912l+eUHFQ45f1PSW/VLVnxV3WqU/9cxy/9Mm+4JMcv5T6Ob72oO2pzbQ68Hm8dOmgmpp8D/b/Ju0refbSN8gB0trSa5sy8Y8/97xJ8h+k5ASCno38tvSgxLW8Vuh/Jb+VT5oceDt5BnOtSS/WnP8B/foNdjvph9E1L9b20yUzdpDUnkGJihZvPllnXCf5pulj8qyR+1DQvSo3wi9eHqg9S/fjpq1+SfGsw7Ok1EuQ7wH3MfcPL73ZvTmvpp9hbRzH5ppsi9vigM8zmV+utYFq10ekX0r+49W7S+5v/yGFF1O/bLfTMP+1y9a273vmvpLH9jitqR3fL5tL/pdnNpD86f1tkoP/WlPu/dKHvjiIsWeTj5YcqN4ofVD6muT12qkvTn3qn+P4pU/2xT4d1e5SP8fXHrjtAW0ayUFD+Pw07Hr+C+hrpHitg4NRR+Q+FicHnn5Qez2rz/HsgmcGh6XrdfD3km8ABzQhOdDzG+yO0kKUP+6mP9n7s9M/S9P4TLiprrNM+pT0m0SjHLD+t+SZtpKZw8SlbpFlHp71tv+uin79IHAw9UfpBOlukmcGnef1sT7nHlI7mYn/2MOf8y+R3i55tmNW6UJd2L4Nsg01J7Nz8pKAOIUA1oNAKvke8T9/5IH+/ZKX2NSWBrVxXJtrs89B0MHSPh007FrVcedEPX4p973qF81ByWPgY6UFyZ9f3df88Ni7OeGy5rf9M8h/7XLT2J/Evnb9L1fGkZJfJuL0Mu04UPcsuNeCO3mW/H3SvpID3VmlSezLuV+67IspRpPYl7qe874n3VXaYkCBPvTPSfzSB/tSrilt9yg/p+q4Rd60gtaRFTUFPJO4IlHYeQ7cwqzl/bTtAO6FkgOntSV/Ohj0UNehVcmfgZ4teT3TN6Slq3L/MevgdbEO+KY1q+gg4ijJsxjWJGl7nWxfnD7kIg7snXYYUqbkkOvztRyUOpntRyQHma+X/DDYVfID78PSm6U9m7yt9dteW+kAdblkzg7mPaPu2cP2DIiybrXpwsby9n3nz/9OId8+WD1ByQHInaR/TRzrOiu3jbk2d93+0vo8djmQ/KK00Ojk5iIHNvuHNvuT/nj88njYTpsow0tL2gFau9ylyvDY6VlGt9sBnNvusdTXdsr1X1N8qj+T2hcaY5ueJ3ncaqf7Nxk/bx24SPt+yQ3H2+dNY38S+3Luly77YorHJPZ5/PLzvJ3CGOgvok597J8lfumjfSV+yfVzux+M3G8/PEeeMGEBf67yTGg7Oc8DyXrNgc/q1x3gPMlvnpaDppzkZQf+nO6B+5uSZ2tfIu0inZJzgYIyfhh4ZtGzrQ7Uxk1LmxOvHnKBMIsYyg4pmnXoESrlmWvPSjt5BsZrvvy26xklz0p8RfJD2sGr886UTpK+IG0rhfRP2nid9HEpPBR/pe13SjtL/pcDukyvVGXHSu7f+0mf6rLyqK7NtO1+HdLx2vBMmft2nLZsdsIL1Vu073a300ZNxm/aBzrYb9uS28Zcmzsw4eYq2rbk1O2+7/FpaaRtmhMPaPL+K+dCGWV8z60v+eU9pDto45GS7704tW3xw+KJrTLefZp0lHRDcyzXf4lLTZw1iX1x5S/QzlnS+YkW/brJ27h1bEmzP2ysTVyuKGsS+3Luly77YsrwSezzpEbqJeMhyvfLmF8qnPrYP0v80kf7SvyS6+fG3dP98UO2JDlYuHzACQ5kxv0DgwGXHJjtT6gOxNz+PQaWSh/wUoJBNizTMQfCIfkzk2cwPAt2xyYzPBhCmZ204U/qn5a8Hu5zktdZhfRubbidfigNSndrypwQFQgDnM8N8mxyO6XsOViF2r5wkOnPi3HyjKpnsOMXHD+kHeCGtJs2XL9nuePkYMz5Lh+SuR4SFxqwvaHyfW4qeBtwysTZrq8kDevrZpFqv19w3C89a+a0RFohHdPs+8e+8UM1XuPqwN8vb+5HOWnWtpS0McfmYTbN2pa47r204/o2G9ag5pjLuKzPyU05tvhFxy/Yvtc9I+P0Dsnjp4PZkFJ9zPeNxx8v53HytfaWLpY8aRBSif+i00Zuztq+uAHnaMdjTyp5EsFBkAMsB/JOnr3+peTlOGFGrzmU/dOFfePcL+P0xZTRs7ZvmSp1/4wnPdyP/y69MWrQPPRPmzPIL321L7fduX6OXJ61uXL1rGLTK3StLuVPOu20jjJ8s1zXPjDB/nN17gaSA4SXSp+XUrO8E1Sx6tTzpZdLR0rvk16RuKBvRr9ZhVnNw7TtIOVRTVkPpE73au+LYMQAAAh2SURBVH5TP/dsMldEB33zt3n+OXVyIs/B7RGJ/DYjf7ZxUO5BJSTnxYN+eBj+X+t6wZ/xw7JVpJe7nlF+guQAwjNgC5Jt3SqyxjM9ZnlFlOfNV0oOSL185a+S78GjJL8chPRJbThYcZ9y0GGZ+UFS/MIUyk/yO64tJW3MsXkSG8K549ri8738aH8p3E8na9sva9tJYfbH5Zzc9y+Rwvh5oLZfK71I+taqEpMlj4U7SX65O1ey733fbyNdI4WU6mPuc8dJfjn2ts/1DJDHGo+/IZX4LzptKpuT2Bca8Bht3EP64oAWeV391tJyyUFquNc87vqPscxlVmlS+0rul1n3xRSjSezz1zvzf4/kMW5tyc+NPaRPRJX1vX+O8ktf7cttd66fI5dPb9MdtCQNm33ywzl8tomvaQM9EzCt9AJdyIOSg1UHrn7AeOZizcwKDle5yweUXab8VODwMeWblZchOJiM0+7aceARkgMelw1/ULOZtt1ez7gOSn6o+pwdogJmnZPa9ng2xtdyvXHyTOtVrbzl2v9tK+9N2ncgG5JnO3w9fxKI05ZN/gFRprn6YTwqhTbuN6BgHDQPKFKcXdrXiyvo8ARs6RB2QVXz5JeU2diXotKfPPzXH1+lWjr3/rttyuoZ5vmtOHet1rjN2FknflJysON/o8+f1BwkbiJ9SQqf27Q51eRPcD+RHCCGGZhQwce1EXemdbTvT1fXNwUcsB8hLZO8prSd1lCGr3+GdFJ00P5zAP0Z6bOS1/LmJM+yeiZiWi8K39G1bpIe1qo87H8jp1EFZR6qsq6TBAEIQAACEIDArYRA10Grg8ZTJc8ohuBxubYdvOXMvo1yy3oq4E+qXv/lzw8hLWjjidKDJH/Gm0Xy7OqukpmOmgX0jOT7JX+yCmkvbXiN1leleC3jUu072Pc1nyXFwe+PtP8/0vOkfaRDpWXSqLSjChw/qlDB8StV1rz9eTS03X+c5RcHt/30gmtRFAIQgAAEIAABCIxFIHe62bOJC5JnED3r5u2zEjX6k7hnI71O7ALpRGmLRLlxsx4w5ETXE/5YakixVe1LLQ84T/nXSl4rtiDdJ3ERB67DmDlg9BqzVDs8Q7un9H3J61wXJAeyXg+7tjQq7asCnkFtp9ge12sfbdsq5GDZf1zlZQoLkm07WvLSAK9ndd59paMkr0EKeV43FtKrtHGh5Db8QvLLQ3g58R8SLUjuG67nB9Kg5DVPl0nm6LoWWvLs+WmDTp4gf5jfJrjsopyKLYuCfWSl8+SXlLHYl6LSnzz81x9fpVqK/0Rl3iGkHD8oaE2VLcnz5/LvSuuXnFRQ1jO4N0rx+lmfHtvjoNmBaHsJQ0E1c1t0nvo6ttTZTefJLynC2Jei0p88/NcfX6VaOvf+63p5QApyjXn+p4W8jtSzhtY01sF6aYLXnz5TukbaSLqLNG66u070rGyc/Ne0V0qh43qphNu/vXRdU9BBq2dVPeNJggAEIAABCEAAAnNDYN4j9y4cdT9V4j/S8ud1f+a3DpK8znbctFQnXiGFf4HA/xahl2McMO4FOW+uvirM032LLf25OefJVynq2Jei0p88/NcfX6VamuW/rEKpq5N3MwEHrObY1iRB61q63mGS/7DN/3KA/6OAN0ueISaNR2Ce+jq2jNcHZn3WPPklxQr7UlT6k4f/+uOrVEvxn6jMO4SU48m7dRKYp76OLXX24XnyS4ow9qWo9CcP//XHV6mWzr3/WNOacjt5EIAABCAAAQhAAAJVESBorcodNAYCEIAABCAAAQhAIEWAoDVFhTwIQAACEIAABCAAgaoIELRW5Q4aAwEIQAACEIAABCCQIkDQmqJCHgQgAAEIQAACEIBAVQQIWqtyB42BAAQgAAEIQAACEEgRIGhNUSEPAhCAAAQgAAEIQKAqAgStVbmDxkAAAhCAAAQgAAEIpAgQtKaokAcBCEAAAhCAAAQgUBUBgtaq3EFjIAABCEAAAhCAAARSBAhaU1TIgwAEIAABCEAAAhCoigBBa1XuoDEQgAAEIAABCEAAAikCBK0pKuRBAAIQgAAEIAABCFRFgKC1KnfQGAhAAAIQgAAEIACBFAGC1hQV8iAAAQhAAAIQgAAEqiJA0FqVO2gMBCAAAQhAAAIQgECKAEFrigp5EIAABCAAAQhAAAJVESBorcodNAYCEIAABCAAAQhAIEWAoDVFhTwIQAACEIAABCAAgaoIELRW5Q4aAwEIQAACEIAABCCQIkDQmqJCHgQgAAEIQAACEIBAVQQIWqtyB42BAAQgAAEIQAACEEgRIGhNUSEPAhCAAAQgAAEIQKAqAgStVbmDxkAAAhCAAAQgAAEIpAgQtKaokAcBCEAAAhCAAAQgUBUBgtaq3EFjIAABCEAAAhCAAARSBAhaU1TIgwAEIAABCEAAAhCoigBBa1XuoDEQgAAEIAABCEAAAikCBK0pKuRBAAIQgAAEIAABCFRFgKC1KnfQGAhAAAIQgAAEIACBFAGC1hQV8iAAAQhAAAIQgAAEqiJA0FqVO2gMBCAAAQhAAAIQgECKAEFrigp5EIAABCAAAQhAAAJVESBorcodNAYCEIAABCAAAQhAIEWAoDVFhTwIQAACEIAABCAAgaoIELRW5Q4aAwEIQAACEIAABCCQIkDQmqJCHgQgAAEIQAACEIBAVQQIWqtyB42BAAQgAAEIQAACEEgRWC2V2cpbmVGGIhCAAAQgAAEIQAACEIAABCAAAQhAAAIQgAAEIAABCEAAAhCAAAQgAAEIQAACEIAABCAAAQhAAAIQgAAEIAABCEAAAhCAAAQgAAEIQAACEIAABCAAAQhAAAIQgAAEIAABCEAAAhCAAAQgAAEIQAACEIAABCAAAQhAAAIQgAAEIAABCMyIwP8DpFLxKma39ogAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
(i) plot N2O5 against t
(ii) Find the half-life period for the Reaction.
(iii) Draw a graph between log[N2O5]and t.
(iv) what is the rate law?
(v) Calculate the rate constant.
(vi) Calculate the half-life period from k and compare it with (ii)
Answer:
(i) ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAUwAAADeCAIAAADZ1a70AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsMB2mqY3AAAFwJJREFUeF7tnU1sVUUbx+XdyA6JC5E0WmkTZSVs/CC0tBvQFbKyrMCNATaWxBRISKoJCdCYWDfllQ3tRkpiYllhu6CVEvzY0J2Y0FYNAdwYWYEr3h9MnPfYe3t7vu6cMzP/s2hu752PZ/7P/M8z88zMM+seP378jB4hIATCReA/4TZNLRMCQuAJAiK5+oEQCBwBkTxwBat5QkAkVx8QAoEjIJIHrmA1TwiI5OoDQiBwBETywBWs5gkBkVx9QAgEjoBIHriC1TwhIJKrDwiBwBEQyQNXsJonBERy9QEhEDgCInngClbzhIBIrj4gBAJHQCQPXMFqnhAQydUHhEDgCIjkgStYzRMCIrn6gBAIHAGRPHAFq3lCQCRXHxACgSMgkgeuYDVPCIjk2frA8ePHTYYTJ07cv38/W2alFgJVICCSZ0P9zJkzJsMPP/xw69atbJmVWghUgYBIXgXqqlMIOERAJHcItqoSAlUgIJJXgbrqFAIOERDJHYKtqoRAFQhERPJHjx5VgbDqFAIVIxARyf/79KkYb1UvBJwjEBHJv/zyy08//VT23HkfU4UVIxALyaempljWZvsKPC8F8ueee+6vv/4qpSgVIgTaikAsJP/iiy8MjqOjo6XsVBPJ29ovVXiJCERB8oWFhbm5OYMaw3V2pJaIoIoSAjVHIAqSnz17NqmG8fFxaF+6YhggTE5Oll6sChQCBREIn+Rwjwn5CpiOHj1aELim2RkjyLHXDmBVZhEEwif5t99++9Zbb/X19fF3/fr1AwMDw8PDu3btKmVmnoR+06ZNVNH4QimiHuUVAsURWPf48ePipXhRwq+//trf37+8vFyKtB988AFvioMHDyZL44WCh+/KlSulVKFChEApCKy05EtLS+sSTyl15Cjk+vXrVoru7u4cJVSS5Z133mG2X/oYoZK2qNJgEGg+XJ+fn8fCWyNvKTcyMpJsOX2aZ00syJV8cfCZAlvn2rlzpxHg8OHDa5afMgFjdQcTZmw7jr2UIimZEHCAQIY5eVdX17Fjx7LKxFuAXPi3DWl59uzZ09PT494RzZy5RBu72jr5gQMHJiYmsqKk9EKgfQhkIPmpU6eQY4Uxby0ZTJ6enr548eLQ0JBNycQVnu/fv799rXJQ8oYNG5rueHvttdd4m9hleQeSqAoh0BqBDCTv6Ohg8JzJmDNwxf7j0F4hxMmTJ/nGvTF30xtOnz6t/TZuoFYtaRDIQHKK+/jjjzMZc8z47t27G+Vgys2X165dSyNiiWk6OzvxsZdYYNOiWEjDmGstrd04q/yUCGQj+ZYtW1Yz5knvWhoTjYXHk2+kTLrl0njyUratwmQsxZd1EqbCVqjqMBDIRnLaPDY21tSYX7161fjVFhcXmW9bAqeEiVwmOzP2lFnqnGzbtm1sv+EwTJ2FlGyRIJCZ5OCCq5yZ+QoaW3Ji7dNgB6tTpkxTWso0bobrRhggYmOMg0W7lG1XsmgRyENy4yr/7LPPmqLGWJ2huCEwXvSZmZnGZGadvLe31/5EFjNoD0YTTMtZTrNx2oNplxriHQJ5SG6M+blz527fvr2iwbCXsbr9np0hWOzGVTezGme97nYJnQl/GHNyA8vg4CDhaGTMvWNFYALnJLkx5hA4CQcMZ5dLcjM8NDaOuiTPobFZPG+EMmnb2wF0ifth2Azz4MGD1kKShsm51szboUqVmR6BnCQ3xjxZDTTGbjced8FRZ+bw1oUOw9k2a804w3vrjWddva0T9RJ3tqaMDMOE5dKlS+n1oZRCoHQEUpHc7CQ3i9v2wZgnneHnz5/HsFsmJ023SZl8kkWxx4YRvp2QG+99MA8vPobrmpkHo1AfG5KK5Gkaxjw8SePkPtbW2e1ZFAfrZyUO19NgQhoMPhOTy5cvc0FiyixKJgTKRaA5yZlaV+vrtufecO+V2OBnn322EjfYhQsX8E1UUnWJ6KkoTxFYSXKmxEmDXFWrkua90YdflVS56+XUCntjdLVDbgCVsQgCpQ3XiwjhLG8al3ibhDHnbdtUuIoVAi0QiI7kVd2IgDsAe67lNLHRPQJxkdw9vska9+7diweuWhlUe4QIxEXylIvbafpBjqLYGoCP3cFZ1zTyK008CIjkOXWdg+SM2FlOI8yreJ4TdGXLhUBcJM8FUZmZOAbHcpp4XiamKmstBOIiOdtaq3K8WUUYnrPJr8SokmtpWb9HjUBcJGfAXDnJ6W7wnNAx2POou54a7wqBuEjuCtW16+EoHm8cRWhfGymlKIxAXCQv8RRaYeSf+fzzz9keo0F7cSRVQmsE4iK5+wMqLdDHPw/PNWgXRduNQFwkbzeaWcvXoD0rYkqfA4HoSF7WiD3HOnlT9WDMiffINYk5lKcsQiANAtGRvKwRe1kkp5zZ2dmjR4+GEYs6TZ9TGscIREdyx/imqQ6ef/PNN9hz5ud1WOFLI7PSeISASF4LZcHzK1eu7Nq1a/v27Z988omoXguthCJEdCR3eb9C1k5CQLibN2+SC6rfunUra3alFwJNEYiO5DXvB5h0LLk5x1JzUSWeLwiI5HXUFPeiErBd4aLqqBsPZYqO5HUerif7j1la06DdQ07VTuToSF47DawiEOv5uOI4rMboXWFefdFaPeUUyXPqpax18hbVM+j4/vvvSfD2229rFT2nnpTtmWeiI3ndNsO07oTYc+OHM6voOs0izuZAIDqSv/rqq/A8B1IVZiHMq1lF7+/v100sFSrC06rXNV5R6GlL3IvNJTOO0WOTzL59+wjhHtIFz+4VF1uN0VlyrxVsNsZx57mm6F7r0bHwrm2R4+a1tTr3ltw0B2c743ZuiWMtva0NVOFhICBL7p8e8cZxoIUbFBXa2T/lVSGxSF4F6oXrxHeIJWcVXTwvjGX4BYjkvuqYsTqhnfHDaX7uqwpdya05eX6kN27cuLy8jDMsfxGFc+Jvx55j2NkGW60khZuiAtqFgCx5fmQdbHpbUzh7EF274tbEKtoEInkIqucgOjGkFFsmBF22oQ0ieRtAraJIRuxmV5xMehXw17pOkbzW6skqnDXpJ06cyJpX6UNFQCQPTbPGpG/YsEGxZUJTbd72iOR5kat3vuPHjzN0F8/rrSVH0onkjoB2Xw1Dd3zvo6Oj7qtWjbVCQCSvlTpKFobF88uXL8/NzZVcrorzCgGRPL+66rBOvqb0BJzACafdr2sCFXACkTy/cr0gOX44dr+yK04XNuTXtOc5RXLPFZhCfALLMG5nl7sCQqZAK8AkInmASm1sEoHciSfDPhlFj4pC3/9upEgei9KJGMX8nOtTFSguFpX/006RPCKNM24nxvPw8DCuuKmpqYhaHndTRfLo9N/X18eWuImJifHx8egaH2WDRfIY1W4CSH333XcEdY+x/ZG1WSSPTOGJ5rK0xn/a+hp8DxDJ86vYi3Xy1s3DkrPFXatr+TuBDzlF8vxaCoDkNJ4t7gcOHMDlrhtU83eFeucUyeutHyfSvffee8R+Zdwul7sTvF1X4hPJJycnuc/APGnuCRoZGbHp+dAUWsrs7u5u/CmZ0X52rRyH9RH71bjcWUh3WK2qcoGANySHjWzAnp+f5/oxntu3b7fm+ZEjR9jjZRLzcBUBXF1aWloBKmWuBvPZs2dtdvPBhUKqq4PZBy73l19+mY1xuj61Oj2UX7M3JD958iRE3blzp8GANd7p6enr1683hQQyM/6EpfbXsbExPn/99dfmGxIY+1w+op6XODg4yEb3d999V+HcPdfk/8X3g+RwcnFxsbe31wpu2H7jxo0Wmkier1xhw7ds2WItfDC6LKshbHRn6K7Yr2XhWXk5fpD87t27INXR0ZHEq6ura7Vj0nAYs48xt0N6Y8OHhobSI85o387GVxsypC/Nr5SK/eqXvlpL6wfJV2tD4xw7OT7nPAZDekPU8+fPZ5pUJ2fjDPt7enpw44Wk+DRtsbFf8cbpmGoaxOqZxm+St8AUxxtONcNVbD6j/dwzcOz/nj17eE2Y6hgdmBcHfgGWncI28sakG2+cjqnWk8NrSuU3yRmWN20hxGOsjive/IorHpIbfq6JSNMEVGRK4MEjZd4dHOfisb7AfCV7kQtvnDmmyvE1mXQvVJYU0g+Sb968GaHv3LmTFB3WdXZ2NkXcpDS5zANLscaw3TsN1URgc0yVcO4y6TXRSHox/CA5FGXIfe3aNdswM0jesWNHi6Yad519YHjTfS9pwJqZmeEdkSZl2GkI5y6T7p2K/SA5sJ46dYoRuJ0A4xOCdXaozPdMkpmHGwUMDAzwUsBbZj1zuM2w/Cy2p9EQiZNuNopNnzdN+V6nkUn3T30rNnXV+V9siMUXhidFNdNvls2SX/JvUh/Jn+wEO5nAbqezk3n7a1NYzJy8zoi1Vbaff/6ZFfXTp0+3tRYVXhyBdZkWlvx7h7VTYhNxIfK4C7jiFhYWeP+yK7adYKvs/Ah4M1zP30TlbCcCWPKPPvpI3rh2Yly0bJG8KILKz8Lk7OwsC2y6d62enUEkz68XBqgPHjzInz+gnOyZYYHtt99+I8iMrmqpm2JF8vwaCSMyTP72N+Tk+JoJMsMsvcRiVVRBBETyggAq+78QIMgMh9JZ1+D8v6CpCQIieU0UEY4YbENkis6VyQoyUxOliuQ1UURQYhDXnUU1BZmpiVJF8pooIkAxbJAZHV+rVrsiebX4B167CTLDhpkzZ84E3tQaN08kr7FyghDNnEhnrZENM6tF8gmiofVthEheX90EIxlTdDbGscDGKrpuWXSvVpE8P+bYKIUuTg8fQ3e87tyySChY4ZYet+IpRfL8GGKgFCYlE3xsH+KWRfa6s2FGC+mZoCuSWCQvgp7y5kGAve7sgWUhnQh52gObB8GMeUTyjIApeRkIYNJZSOdCVbxxusWhDERblSGStxthlb8qAjbkMyZdE5/2dRSRvH3YquS1EUje4qA9M2vjlSuFSJ4LNmUqFQFMuokPyckWXZNeKrRPChPJS4dUBeZBwMSHfP3111lLZ40N37uW2fLg2CyPSF4WkiqnBAQOHTpEfEjW2PC9b3/6YN51Or0gsiJ5fgC1GSY/di1zssbG6P3evXssqnOUDbfciy++CNtl2/MBLpLnw+1JLm2GyY9dupzbtm3jKNvNp485uMpZFy2tpwPv/6lE8qyIKX0FCDBogu2M5LmniTE8Z9q05JZeDSJ5eqyUsmIEGDpxTxNWnTNtW7duJTisjrWlUYlIngYlpakRAuyW40ybCQ7LHngeTrZpDN9CQ7pBJX/3xYzQw5aXl/MXoZyFEZibm5uYmGBvbF9f3969e/nL2L5wqUEVIJLnV6dInh+7snMyRZ+ammLhDc5DcqjObXn8ZYRfdlX+lSeS59eZSJ4fu3bmZF0dqk9PT/OXQ+wcg4HtPO2ss9Zli+T51SOS58fOVU54zkOkCv7CcwjPIjzMd1V/LeoRyfOrgSHixo0bHz58mL8I5XSIgCE8Fp7t8VwCwXievzGM50XyQr1s3ToBWAjASjLjimcCD9v5i2E3bA/YXac+WqibieSF4KtBZst2Tsi8//77QbJdJC/U0UTyQvDVKTMj+UuXLsF5w3YsPPc91UnA/LKI5PmxI6dIXgi+WmY2bGfhnV03LLxj29lCX0tJ0wolkqdFqmk6kbwQfPXOzFKcWXtnDo9hf/PNN/HP+2jeRfJCHU0kLwSfJ5lZK8Ww//jjjxh5llSgOoTHvPuy9i6SF+poInkh+DzMzJl2qA7hzZYbDDsP0/gXXngB/zwfsraJRft2L+OJ5FmV8q/0Inkh+PzPjJHnYeEd8v/xxx85AtQdO3aMuUBbkRDJC8FLxBJOPga8xFoIHWWuBwI6alpIDwoOUwg+ZXaCgEjuBGZVIgSqQ0Akrw571SwEnCAgkjuBWZUIgeoQEMmrw141CwEnCIjkTmBWJUKgOgRE8uqwV81CwAkCIrkTmFWJEKgOAZG8EPaR35TEhr9C8CmzEwRE8kIwazNMIfiU2QkCIrkTmFWJEKgOAZG8OuxVsxBwgoAOqBSC+fnnn//zzz8LFaHM0SDA+fPZ2Vn3zRXJC2FOzBCCBBUqwufMOmnrhfZEci/UVFMhRfKaKubfYmlO7oWavBTy+vXra66xkaC7u3u15vFTYwlHjhzhS/OMjIx4CY1boUVyt3jHVNvBgwdbN7cFvclIvJTFxcUVJcDwc+fOPX768CthVcTzNfuUSL4mREqQGQFjZhspmiwIuvIvt5c0LR3qcsPJ4cOHk78uLS3B8IsXL5ovt2zZcvbsWXieWb7IMojkkSncSXONpYWBq9U2OTkJXWdmZpomYJwPdefn51f8+tNPP/HNG2+8Yb/fsWMHn0nvpFm+ViKS+6q5OsgNk3OIASf379+PQcYUN2bHXPf09PCC2Llz54pff//9d2PA7febN2/m8507d3KIEU8WkTweXdelpYbDAwMDTQXavXs3o/ShoaH04hry61kNAZFcfcMpAuYW0dU4bCbqY2NjTmUKvTKRPHQN16l9DNRv377NbSRNhTJ+NRJkFfmll17KmiWq9CJ5VOquvrG43O0qNx9woZtvjA3nSf4K58035voBQ2beBbYZd+/e5XNHR0f1DauxBCJ5jZUTnGj40ozj3T4M3bu6uviXIToetRW/miU0vjTG3/jVjY/dPDdu3OBvo4suOOQKNUgkLwSfMrtEgLcAtMczbyrFpLPS1mKhzqVsda5LJK+zdnyVzQy5zTYV85mF8VIag8GH56ZMhgAwPJMfvhQZvCtEB1S8U5kEFgLZEJAlz4aXUgsB7xAQyb1TmQQWAtkQEMmz4aXUQsA7BERy71QmgYVANgRE8mx4KbUQ8A4Bkdw7lUlgIZANAZE8G15KLQS8Q0Ak905lElgIZENAJM+Gl1ILAe8QEMm9U1kqgTm2tSJMoglyqkhJqeALK5FIHpY+1Roh0ICA9q6H2Smw5ERfyBGAIUw44m6VLHmA+ofhNhiDvb2AIMd8thEXTJyG5EUFZiRvYzaYOA3JJxnOQcN+j/qNSO6RstKKSogFG4yBiAur2XPirvT29po4DaQnviI0tvcW8Jqw9xbwauAnzniaXwm0SmKPeD4+Pn7//v208AWXTiQPTqWpGwRpbchUc9uJvQ6B8AzQ/urVq6YwDD6Ht218RXLx61dffZW6qooTTkxMvPLKK0SbWFhYqFiUKqoXyatAva51mpBp9rFDAKz6hx9+mPyJt8BqVyPUs3GPHj0icMX27dv7+/unpqbqKWSbpBLJ2wRsaMUS5qUxxGLNG8kQ/denDwy3os7Nze3bt2/r1q2jo6PJ72veliLiybteBL365m30rjPBhqgMyM0NJGaObUfgWDlGs9xMZIMiJksgsbNASzDTcM9+4BJ4Hr6xH/7++28zxyalnWxDZqMP+2HTpk3r169PFmUVxk/Dw8OHDh2qrwrLk0wkLw/LOpXELJrhdNLlVoTkxtO+Wrz0NO3G9fXLL7+0IKSltGXmc08fCk9+2LBhA99AXZIlP/C5s7PTSGI/WMF4f9kgc+QdHByE4Yb/UTwrguDq3zAQMFd/Yrdtc0xUU/sNn6233DjM+QZL3hgs2VwSvCI9KfG9pcfqwoULp0+f5q95Zv95lv95Hj58mL60rCmhtCEz/sV79+5lze57+idBrfUEiYC9FdgENi9CcoMP5STtHu8FX3CD5H19fTdv3vRF4HLl1HA9ivFa5I1kLmCG93E+InmcelerI0JAS2gRKVtNjRMBkTxOvavVESEgkkekbDU1TgRE8jj1rlZHhIBIHpGy1dQ4ERDJ49S7Wh0RAiJ5RMpWU+NEQCSPU+9qdUQIiOQRKVtNjRMBkTxOvavVESEgkkekbDU1TgRE8jj1rlZHhIBIHpGy1dQ4EfgfCKjQP4ceit8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
(ii) initial conc.is 1.63 × 10-2 so half conc. is 0.815 × 10-2M From given information and graph t1/2 is 1440 sec.
(iii) ![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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(iv) As log [N2O5] vs time is straight line given reaction is first order. Hence its rate law will be, Rate = k[N2O5]
(v) The slope of above graph is slope = 0.000209
K = 2.303 × slope
⇒ 4.82 × 10-4sec-1
Now, t1/2 = 0.693/K.
⇒ 0.693/4.82 × 10-4
⇒ t1/2 = 1438 sec. which is almost equal to (ii)
Question 16.The rate constant for a first order reaction is 60 s–1. How much time will it take to reduce the initial concentration of the reactant to its 1/16th value?
Answer:Given:
Order of the reaction = 1
Let, Initial concentration [R]°= x
Final concentration [R] = x/16
Rate constant k = 60 s-1
We know, time ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Solving, we get t = 4.6 × 10-2s
Question 17.During nuclear explosion, one of the products is 90Sr with half-life of 28.1 years. If 1μg of 90Sr was absorbed in the bones of a newly born baby instead of calcium, how much of it will remain after 10 years and 60 years if it is not lost metabolically.
Answer:Initial concentration, [R]° = 1μg
Final concentration, [R]
Half-life t1/2 = 28.1 yrs
Solution:
We know, t1/2 = 0.693/k
Where, k – rate constant
⇒ k = 0.693/ t1/2
⇒ k = 0.693/(28.1 yrs)
⇒ k = 0.0246 yrs-1
Also, ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
If t = 10yrs, then, using the formula, we get,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒
= 0.7824μg
If t = 60yrs, then again, we get,
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAI4AAAAjCAMAAAB1ocIKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAALRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADpmADqQAGaQAGa2OgAAOgA6OgBmOjoAOjo6OjqQOmY6OmZmOmaQOma2OpC2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZjo6ZjpmZjqQZmZmZpDbZra2ZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGY6kGaQkJC2kLbbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmttv/tv+2tv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ29uQ29u229vb2/+22////7Zm/7aQ/9uQ/9u2//+2///b3PJG9QAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAC50lEQVRYR+2YbWOaMBDHQSYrq3vQzYc9Ce224joj2lWGyff/Xrv7XxDWagnVzje9F5bEcPnlnnLW857lCBYws7OWWsyl3/mCd27Gvj/AUxHF/Ceb9Nf3tdGs6xaLd+O2OOpsXby6og306IeXdfjJXPQIx8zeW5gZw+lPGFWzTkyqJY4exp5JPljdAqamCQFUmvQk9vSEv6nPPg3OiLZJyzMo5soHhnBM0p+8ts7Sk69EBONg1onkMfTkohpOxqGjP85NMv22iga/bxLLWUTWfgVmnxCn5iyFQFY+S3jLnCpEwFTWAb2iNQiyRjHpyx3J8NBraYhQzoN5TjQ5fCLOGqyNWIfjhuMH3/AsrXPCwcnKuGxkxwI99jtT0h/8GvLL2HQVBXNvw3mPs/1E4klmYdYVx43gCKvcrHOEjdxUCE5BpnpzzT6cRQi4loHitpfDKuAU0dTbJORXLw2uvIU4+iQCHJQrvlAQ8nrYqgKnSGAWp6x4+JSMo4ecNPxpcXi43WT3Q5PtGl7fp7TCAUpKdNmJnVVZh8xDNqdy0UKO7iyTcCahGcFdd0LJ2TM5VdwNM1UtwWmQcsmHjKoNCrfcc1LDTy96zCXnD3pIIosLLoodokuPkcWtz6e4FNrEl5aJJpbclKADeKRUzfKiJw20baTL4T69HER0UQBqi4OAOgCn3izbtlkaaXNRdtH7eLIeeafPt1eFg777ABxWJs1y+VRrpKsvGkwv1iG6LtMdiLMtIJtLqmpV54qhk5TO2uAKOwwHzTJL6r+o48jQSbaxo7g0Cc7y8/c11Uu/y8HlLtIsiywpbWvO4qGTCA5u2OBacDLOCtLVslraZpn6VFKC4i+NNOu0P0ybiRiHDEG1WtEHv6pHb/1OXJzPaz/dmvUQvzTLVDQWkSS6baTLoYOSO9cXTnJOvVm4aovjslnzmn9vU+BQti7C2+HUpP//puVLYgstlwQZt0s/nSJ/138gmg/4vOIgC/wFP79bI0IYtucAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ [R]60 = 0.228 μg
∴ 0.2278μg of 90Sr will be left after 60 years.
Question 18.For a first order reaction, show that time required for 99% completion is twice the time required for the completion of 90% of reaction.
Answer:Let, initial concentration be [R]°
Concentration at 90% completion be ((100-90)/100)×[R]°
∴ Concentration at 90% be 0.1[R]°
Concentration at 99% completion be ((100-99)/100)× [R]°∴ Concentration at 99% be 0.01[R]°
We know, time ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAHkAAAAkCAMAAACaNGVSAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAI1QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjoAOjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGY6kLbbkLb/kNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmttv/tv//25A625Bm25CQ27Zm27aQ29u229v/2////7Zm/7aQ/9uQ/9u2//+2///bNDLSkwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAACZUlEQVRYR+2W2XbTMBCGJQdiU2jSlCYU4tAouJDgyO//ePwzWmyDF8kucDiHuWik2tI3u0eI//JbPKCk3JaZlDK5PYtcJvsIyteNlLfm/dONTN7jt3rkX7cdukyt8PSyOIrnDCt9F0HWdx9FYVStPtilSs/lm73fBpGrXSyZrgXG3U5Lvd4Kvqj1pJvvbWbto2ymC/k4y/XxwZ7PU7cdjJwhI86vn7CIJRc2zAIp8qpJNtsA8uJ4XZOmIJdZ8mnkjH+sPBj/es62TW/TNogslMSbIH856vtA8gXgy5byk3xVEipfUob5rRooFuNtxFivF0/W5sD81msECfpSZZwyU1V6IxO42W355h4hMup5eYbRy7OPcyNnAx3Q/doIuT7kyQMnojSJJh/Ij3DibDHkEs3uLdVOdaB2SR5GQVKknNTd80VtLrMHcd2RIfliL04NYIdlP5Fz0pQlqrGb3BXcWij1qx1Wmuu3V0Js9tr0LOhyUzVUP/TXkrnvdR+yus6OcpPM1ByKFH/O27XNMBrxGm6rId4OcQndU+0ol7nF1R+Y3sMlvtafA3vZYL6Qay9yhdwG3n5Ah1U+yGSk4weZbIqhQBVj5OEahvDypUTJwVKxGL0ha767r9icSaxWnGt2TBS3RZNx5IHpk1iDpELIFHB0UNeWPXnaJGbpIKPRjaVGcYMwv6MO3rJ52iTmydXp/tuYu9vP501i7i5kC3+BYsR5209iMYf9uyots5BQNy/3cXaT2CTyIUXDSOOs/mUSm0LG3LxCisVZ3TOJTeFHnml38dhZPxLWev0vkrsnsTnG/ItnfwBgzDmFpfdV/QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
Time taken for 90% completion is ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Time taken for 99% completion is ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ t99 = 2t90
Hence, the time taken to complete 9% of the first order reaction is twice the time required for the completion of 90% of the reaction.
Question 19.A first order reaction takes 40 min for 30% decomposition. Calculate t1/2.
Answer:Given:
Time t = 40 min
When 30% decomposition is undergone, 70% is the concentration.
We know, time taken ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAHkAAAAkCAMAAACaNGVSAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAI1QTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjoAOjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZma2ZpDbZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGY6kLbbkLb/kNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmttv/tv//25A625Bm25CQ27Zm27aQ29u229v/2////7Zm/7aQ/9uQ/9u2//+2///bNDLSkwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAACZUlEQVRYR+2W2XbTMBCGJQdiU2jSlCYU4tAouJDgyO//ePwzWmyDF8kucDiHuWik2tI3u0eI//JbPKCk3JaZlDK5PYtcJvsIyteNlLfm/dONTN7jt3rkX7cdukyt8PSyOIrnDCt9F0HWdx9FYVStPtilSs/lm73fBpGrXSyZrgXG3U5Lvd4Kvqj1pJvvbWbto2ymC/k4y/XxwZ7PU7cdjJwhI86vn7CIJRc2zAIp8qpJNtsA8uJ4XZOmIJdZ8mnkjH+sPBj/es62TW/TNogslMSbIH856vtA8gXgy5byk3xVEipfUob5rRooFuNtxFivF0/W5sD81msECfpSZZwyU1V6IxO42W355h4hMup5eYbRy7OPcyNnAx3Q/doIuT7kyQMnojSJJh/Ij3DibDHkEs3uLdVOdaB2SR5GQVKknNTd80VtLrMHcd2RIfliL04NYIdlP5Fz0pQlqrGb3BXcWij1qx1Wmuu3V0Js9tr0LOhyUzVUP/TXkrnvdR+yus6OcpPM1ByKFH/O27XNMBrxGm6rId4OcQndU+0ol7nF1R+Y3sMlvtafA3vZYL6Qay9yhdwG3n5Ah1U+yGSk4weZbIqhQBVj5OEahvDypUTJwVKxGL0ha767r9icSaxWnGt2TBS3RZNx5IHpk1iDpELIFHB0UNeWPXnaJGbpIKPRjaVGcYMwv6MO3rJ52iTmydXp/tuYu9vP501i7i5kC3+BYsR5209iMYf9uyots5BQNy/3cXaT2CTyIUXDSOOs/mUSm0LG3LxCisVZ3TOJTeFHnml38dhZPxLWev0vkrsnsTnG/ItnfwBgzDmFpfdV/QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
Where, k- rate constant
[R]° -Initial concentration
[R]-Concentration at time ‘t’
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ 258.23 = (2.303/k)
We know, Half-life t1/2 = 0.693/k
Which can be written as, t1/2 = 0.3010 × (2.303/k)
⇒ t1/2 = 0.3010 × 258.23
⇒ t1/2 = 77.72 min
Question 20.For the decomposition of azoisopropane to hexane and nitrogen at 543 K, the following data are obtained.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Calculate the rate constant.
Answer:When t = 0, the total partial pressure is P0 = 35.0 mm of Hg
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
When time t = t, the total partial pressure is Pt = P0 + p
P0-p = Pt-2p, but by the above equation, we know p = Pt-P0
Hence, P0-p = Pt-2( Pt-P0)
Thus, P0-p = 2P0 – Pt
We know that time ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Where, k- rate constant
[R]° -Initial concentration of reactant
[R]-Concentration of reactant at time ‘t’
Here concentration can be replaced by the corresponding partial pressures.
Hence, the equation becomes, ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
→ equation 1
At time t = 360 s, Pt = 54 mm of Hg and P0 = 30 mm of Hg,
Substituting in equation 1,
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ k = 2.175 × 10-3 s-1
At time t = 720 s, Pt = 63 mm of Hg and P0 = 30 mm of Hg,
Substituting in equation 1,
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Thus, k = 2.235 × 10-3 s–1
Taking average, k = (2.235 × 10-3 s–1 + 2.175 × 10-3 s–1)/2
∴ k = 2.21 × 10-3 s–1.
Question 21.The following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition of SO2Cl2 at a constant volume.
SO2Cl2(g)→ SO2 (g) + Cl2 (g)
Calculate the rate of the reaction when total pressure is 0.65 atm
Answer:When t = 0, the total partial pressure is P0 = 0.5 atm
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
When time t = t, the total partial pressure is Pt = P0 + p
P0-p = Pt-2p, but by the above equation, we know p = Pt-P0
Hence, P0-p = Pt-2(Pt-P0)
Thus, P0-p = 2P0 – Pt
We know that time ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Where, k- rate constant
[R]° -Initial concentration of reactant
[R]-Concentration of reactant at time ‘t’
Here concentration can be replaced by the corresponding partial pressures.
Hence, the equation becomes, ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒
→ equation 1
At time t = 100 s, Pt = 0.6 atm and P0 = 0.5 atm,
Substituting in equation 1,
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Thus, k = 2.231 × 10-3 s-1
The rate of reaction R = k × PS02Cl2
When total pressure Pt = 0.65 atm and P0 = 0.5 atm, then
PS02Cl2 = 2P0-Pt
Thus, substituting the values, PS02Cl2 = 2(0.5)-0.6 = 0.35 atm
R = k × PS02Cl2 = 2.231 × 10-3 s–1 × 0.35
Rate of the reaction R = 7.8 × 10-4atm s–1
Question 22.The rate constant for the decomposition of N2O5 at various temperatures is given below:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Draw a graph between ln k and 1/T and calculate the values of A and Ea. Predict the rate constant at 30° and 50°C.
Answer:To convert the temperature in °C to °K we add 273 K.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
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)
The graph is given as:
The Arrhenius equation is given by k = Ae-Ea/RT
Where, k- Rate constant
A- Constant
Ea-Activation Energy
R- Gas constant
T-Temperature
Taking natural log on both sides,
ln k = ln A-(Ea/RT)
→ equation 1
By plotting a graph, ln K Vs 1/T, we get y-intercept as ln A and Slope is –Ea/R.
Slope = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
By substituting the values, slope = -12.301
⇒ –Ea/R = -12.301
But, R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1
⇒ Ea = 8.314 JK-1mol-1 × 12.301 K
⇒ Ea = 102.27 kJ mol-1
Substituting the values in equation 1 for data at T = 273K
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJIAAAAiCAMAAACDb3DJAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAIdQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6Ojo6OjpmOjqQOmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZgBmZjoAZpCQZpDbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGYAkGZmkNv/tmYAtmY6tpBmtrbbttv/tv/btv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ27a22////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bpssPlwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAACjklEQVRYR+1Xa3ebMAw1aRbabg3rI3QL27qSPiDw/39fr2TZ2LFxetoOtnPmDzQ1lnV9dSULpf6Pv5WB/fe7AFpz8Twj3PZsq1SbZzTWFkd9fj8bpq7YkO/dCSDUAyRVf5qNp2rFbDQEyR196eCblLD2FGETSBXzZUYAcipcQpJqSEoepLloanOBQZz4LKn6MJbT0GTdcpiadf8zz5aiKg23zhY6tMOITMXRvnqha16ZvCJIfbXuvm4lBZXqChZ4E0CKTcUxRWyxsC8T2dwVOt9MXSJa+lJiKZYfD6kJiR9O1OaHmb47G1ResZg+HlJ1Hbh1Et1PMvhf3nVXN7Kg5pARJOTjZpdnF/KCpuosW4YX0UH8IrYQxOXvROSaQ0jdVfblmxHPAAmBPScUJj2xoi9Xx8s7M+zbImFWqWTWTseGhiDb4qcNMx/+s4uo4iuShrdjxJa1amtP6DoNSXM4bCspyFMPHqKxQ0VsVQtLUCwmwVkMJHtG84MNxiFh2atu5RgkiBBjtAwHWvKO62kJhLkstbk5J5scDZy1ReWzp42R+3ZIQmFCicyzlrd3HKbXFsRgg4TM6Oi6LpGi+DHIm/6rkqmhXYW2oqKuGItcWCpd1HzboCQtttR0brpC2k6e6ku3CY2zFdrSHtiV/oxgGpQf2TP58kjE3vFarl1uvRf4BNDpoE+QpvAdTtOm5gKjRuARNw+6b/Qr+8uRy+2P4XA2NrnJvYnutm0LZRuXKYA4PuRDhCA96BQykGzfNDEiaJ+vUmq95WI3kOb7atKewdJe2jmBNBtJVBDpZqDASe+hIc31fcIq6W+R/JR5qKjUk/04gaQwObWEPH9P96hLiF9ND6gKz/2vWRH9a85fAKZlO+ujk1TKAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(∵ At T = 273K, ln k = -7.147)
On solving, we get ln A = 37.911
∴ A = 2.91×106
When T = 300C, hence T = 30 + 273 = 303K
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ln k = -2.8
⇒ k = 6.08x10-2s-1.
When T = 500C, hence T = 50 + 273 = 323K
Substituting in equation 1,
A = 2.91 × 106, Ea = 102.27 kJ mol-1
Ln K = ln(2.91 × 106)- 102.27/(8.314 × 323)
Thus, ln k = -0.5 and k = 0.607s-1.
Question 23.The rate constant for the decomposition of hydrocarbons is 2.418 × 10–5s–1 at 546 K. If the energy of activation is 179.9 kJ/mol, what will be the value of pre-exponential factor.
Answer:Given,
k = 2.418 × 10-5 s-1
T = 546 K
Ea = 179.9 kJ mol-1 = 179.9 × 103J mol-1
The Arrhenius equation is given by k = Ae-Ea/RT
Taking natural log on both sides,
Ln k = ln A-(Ea/RT)
Substituting the values,
ln(2.418 × 10-5 ) = ln A-179.9/(8.314 × 546)
ln A = 12.5917
A = 3.9 × 1012 s-1(approximately)
Question 24.Consider a certain reaction A → Products with k = 2.0 × 10–2s-1. Calculate the concentration of A remaining after 100 s if the initial concentration of A is 1.0 mol L–1.
Answer:Given,
k = 2.0 × 10–2s-1
time t = 100s
Concentration [A0] = 1.0 mol L-1
We know, ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
On substituting the values, ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Log(1/[A]) = 2.303/2
Log[A] = -2.303/2
[A] = 0.135 mol L–1
Question 25.Sucrose decomposes in acid solution into glucose and fructose according to the first order rate law, with t1/2 = 3.00 hours. What fraction of sample of sucrose remains after 8 hours?
Answer:t1/2 = 3.00 hours
We know, t1/2 = 0.693/k
∴ k = 0.693/3
k = 0.231hrs-1
We know, time ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Where, k- rate constant
[R]° -Initial concentration
[R]-Concentration at time ‘t’
Thus, substituting the values, ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
log([R]0/[R]) = 0.8
log([R]/[R]0) = -0.8
[R]/[R]0 = 0.158
Hence, 0.158 fraction of sucrose remains.
Question 26.The decomposition of hydrocarbon follows the equation
k = (4.5 × 1011s–1) e-28000K/T. Calculate Ea.
Answer:The given equation is
k = (4.5 x 1011 s-1) e-28000 K/T (i)
Comparing, Arrhenius equation
k = Ae -Ea/RT (ii)
We get, Ea / RT = 28000K / T
⇒ Ea = R x 28000K
= 8.314 J K-1mol-1 × 28000 K
= 232792 J mol–1 or 232.792 kJ mol–1
Question 27.The rate constant for the first order decomposition of H2O2 is given by the following equation: log k = 14.34 – 1.25 × 104K/T
Calculate Ea for this reaction and at what temperature will its half-period be 256 minutes?
Answer:We know, The Arrhenius equation is given by k = Ae-Ea/RT
Taking natural log on both sides,
Ln k = ln A-(Ea/RT)
Thus, log k = log A -(Ea/2.303RT) → eqn 1
The given equation is log k = 14.34 – 1.25 × 104K/T → eqn 2
Comparing 2 equations,
Ea/2.303R = 1.25 × 104K
Ea = 1.25 × 104K × 2.303 × 8.314
Ea = 239339.3 J mol-1 (approximately)
Ea = 239.34 kJ mol-1
Also, when t1/2 = 256 minutes,
k = 0.693 / t1/2
= 0.693 / 256
= 2.707 × 10-3 min-1
k = 4.51 × 10-5s–1
Substitute k = 4.51 × 10-5s–1 in eqn 2,
log 4.51 × 10-5 s–1 = 14.34 – 1.25 × 104K/T
log(0.654-5) = 14.34– 1.25 × 104K/T
T = 1.25 × 104/[ 14.34- log(0.654-5)]
T = 668.9K or T = 669 K
Question 28.The decomposition of A into product has value of k as 4.5 × 103 s–1 at 10°C and energy of activation 60 kJ mol–1. At what temperature would k be 1.5 × 104s–1?
Answer:From Arrhenius equation, we obtain
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Also, k1 = 4.5 × 103 s - 1
T1 = 273 + 10 = 283 K
k2 = 1.5 × 104 s - 1
Ea = 60 kJ mol - 1 = 6.0 × 104 J mol - 1
Then,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
→ 0.5229 = 3133.627 × (T2-283)/(283 × T2)
→ 0.0472T2 = T2-283
T2 = 297K or T2 = 240 C
Question 29.The time required for 10% completion of a first order reaction at 298K is equal to that required for its 25% completion at 308K. If the value of A is 4 × 1010s–1. Calculate k at 318K and Ea.
Answer:We know, time t = (2.303/k) × log([R]0/[R])
Where, k- rate constant
[R]° -Initial concentration
[R]-Concentration at time ‘t’
At 298K, If 10% is completed, then 90% is remaining.
t = (2.303/k) × log ([R]0/0.9[R]0)
t = (2.303/k) × log (1/0.9)
t = 0.1054 / k
At temperature 308K, 25% is completed, 75% is remaining
t’ = (2.303/k’) × log ([R]0/0.75[R]0)
t’ = (2.303/k’) × log (1/0.75)
t’ = 2.2877 / k'
But, t = t’
0.1054 / k = 2.2877 / k'
k' / k = 2.7296
From Arrhenius equation, we obtain
log k2/k1 = (Ea / 2.303 R) × (T2 - T1) / T1T2
Substituting the values,
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAASEAAAAgCAMAAABq6D44AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAALRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADpmADqQAGaQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjoAOjo6OjpmOjqQOmZmOmaQOma2OpC2OpDbZgAAZgA6ZjoAZjo6ZjpmZjqQZmaQZpDbZra2ZrbbZrb/kDoAkDo6kGYAkGY6kGaQkLaQkLbbkNv/tmYAtmY6tmZmtpA6tpBmttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ29uQ29u229v/2////7Zm/7aQ/9uQ/9u2//+2///bTQfnhAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAADsQAAA7EAZUrDhsAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAE9UlEQVRoQ+1Za1faMBhOdTg6ncrAuhvUObVuugI6urb5//9r7yVpEqAU2nj0eMyH0eX65unzXvooxFt7Q+D1IpCHAbbh671h55tN9/8IkXpCaHoY7H0Dk+Ql/xZREJwuLBsfoWMA/88jmrAy3vk6T7BBhgh5avLiWsz2bgDx/iL/cCNkPBTFyEK/POMJ5Wgs8nCyMu7JDr/bIELJxN+eiEw5mhA6+CuSvrs5TqDXkgzXjvszxdNOGYYhfwgVl2MhyjPgESAj48GiQJTshh6NKBVxf+24p3v528Yvh5LgnYUQxZnBArhE6YBexAzDkEiD4CQCF+TxjU3eHbeMA+npvQ+ciPDZUN6FQa+lJY4Z83BivCwaA48cL0sJIGxAtLIaTwMMX+uajD81QFiPQn7kwzkQIQkhAexd9oedXwB6FwRg8LADitR5uIxQBgBlZHYBFLLGsxqEMJxBk3NgW0+DCAzEdrCw+2mGIo28DWGQvblrU/UQGi3jzohPQ87yJSRz8DYxg2rLzvbsbnCMjNEbrfE6hFSqTYIxZEWddimz8Kuo+tO9a3jTPCMLB38ZmJSA8tOmRz4D9s421SCkfZQSYupklJTyoe4vqajgfzOgrmo+SKS2ynr3ZYSvf8tWfuagVajfLZfVTmOEoJAMjtFTwE3Ijx6QKLplNkIMBjXsJ0YBNYEz5chEPuWkXa3D9eAXpz/qouWaA2RMcb0cVZG3mxWEEMalIiZu7N+IKVzcoZbyIT4oNcZiPwNGCDlALldj3azcafXK69pp9cpkgoKug2wg50Iu2AgxTVSzUiT3I6byN0bvZP/KFBGQM8yihCM8tB240P5eANFj1PcVCBEKE0sUQkNBwYab6zCGKDrbXUIquwJQZRxAfTAP2QkdhNZetkLNy4NzBJjiZIr2J8C2BiFCJwHAZo6XLdVV1c2d/hxwIXJX0DQj1J4jjSuXEWpcsGmCyyEkAtULxssSh64IBTenH4OTQkixz4lDz+Fl3soNhILvRmFFyzFV7KHCJqvSVxW0nX7OYjzG5LEyXqcX2GaxjtSeAhHFlQyUvAJhqmKO9iGqa6D0V6m8unjVj1eYh/SNl4dAN3RRfPZQVLdBh+KmekdL2kbL7UBhwPSCNTjdkr8r4LGqqZUUyjSpnE/5DXIrDz9e8+lYVfX42WdNvePViq9Mnlz97ri8YXoZIQP+Ud7vIn8+I4X8ArKyG4dZ8qWn/7bXyjCcqFRkLSJrUdm1z0jHleh8y57kVGzrINpOhHatWK9UY0CCLw/C6an1Ia0M41FKRdYishaVhbhFTpdf0G+MdKynT08iQkheHG7+9t8gQtsHOFbUKdWzQ4g7fgSwbehueSM8ahGZaMGhvjwH1eucHx1pmcdTQigdb6GO1IjQ1gHqWGXFC1Gqzd96UEXWIjKYSqIyQ/QdQCKm2NKyGieEssE2+lGdCG0OUMcqK16GUs3KMDZSkQ1CLCpTMzWqJR3rcUQI1A4Zj382VD/1IrQ5wLViG6V6Gz/pMscow7ALqMi2l6Go7HLISMfYz+OIEBcoDSV0jQjtkFRtq71sVcnuctdWa5UyDJWXVpGViFyJyuhk8GHNbqakY2s6lLLviTqNXlYrQtsHuFasKtmtLtllkVaGsTZVKrIWkbWoLMQvjMecy5R0bE0n9mDZ9hBu/vNsvQjtHOBasaxkd7nra177H2fiursAy9vOAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
Ea = 76640.09 J mol-1 or 76.64 kJ mol-1
We know, log k = log A –Ea/RT
Log k = log(4 × 1010)-(76.64kJ mol-1/(8.314 × 318))
Log k = -1.986
∴ k = 1.034 x 10-2 s -1
Question 30.The rate of a reaction quadruples when the temperature changes from 293 K to 313 K. Calculate the energy of activation of the reaction assuming that it does not change with temperature.
Answer:Given, k2 = 4k1, T1 = 293K and T2 = 313K
We know, From Arrhenius equation, we obtain
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
⇒ ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
On solving we get,
Ea = 58263.33 J mol-1 or 58.26 kJ mol-1
From the rate expression for the following reactions, determine their order of reaction and dimensions of the rate constants.
(i) 3NO(g) → N2O (g) Rate = k[NO]2
(ii) H2O2 (aq) + 3I–(aq) + 2H+→ 2H2O(l) + I–3 Rate = k[H2O2][I–]
(iii) CH3CHO(g) → CH4(g) + CO(g) Rate = k[CH3CHO]3/2
(iv) C2H5Cl (g) → C2H4(g) + HCl (g) Rate = k[C2H5Cl]
Order is sum of all powers of the concentrations of the reactant in “rate law expression”
Answer:
(i) 3NO(g) → N2O(g)
Rate = k[NO]2
Here rate law is dependent on concentration of NO only.And power raised to concentration of NO is 2. Hence order of reaction is 2.
To find dimensions of rate constant (K)- We know rate of chemical reaction is measured in . So, unit of K will be
i.e. [concentration]-1[ time]-1 . If concentration is in mol L-1 and time is in sec. then dimensions of k will be : mol-1 L sec-1
(ii) H2O2(aq) + 3I-(aq) + 2H+ → 2 H2O(l) + I3-
Rate = k[H2O2][I-]
Here rate law is dependent on concentration of H2O2 and I-. And power raised to concentration of H2O2 is 1, and power raised to concentration of I- is 1. order is sum of powers hence, order of given reaction is 2.
To find dimensions of rate constant (K)- We know rate of chemical reaction is measured in [concentration/time]. So, unit of K will be [Concentration]/[time][concentration]2 i.e. [concentration]-1[ time]-1. If concentration is in mol L-1 and time is in sec then dimensions of k will bemol-1 L sec-1
(iii) CH3CHO(g) → CH4(g) + CO(g)
Rate = k[CH3CHO]3/2
Here rate law is dependent on concentration of CH3CHO.And power raised to CH3CHO is 3/2. Hence order of reaction is 3/2.
To find dimensions of rate constant (K)- We know rate of chemical reaction is measured in [concentration/time]. So, unit of K will be [Concentration]/[time][concentration]3/2 i.e. [concentration]-1/2[time]-1.
If concentration is in mol L-1 and time is in sec. Then dimensions of K will be mol-1/2L1/2 sec-1
(iv) C2H5Cl (g) → C2H4(g) + HCl(g)
Rate = k[C2H5Cl]
Here rate law is dependent on concentration of C2H5Cl. And power raised to C2H5Cl is 1. Hence order of reaction is 1.
To find dimensions of rate constant (K)- We know rate of chemical reaction is measured in [concentration/time]. So, unit of K will be [Concentration]/[time][concentration]1. i.e. [time]-1
If concentration is in mol L-1 and time is in sec. Then dimensions of K will be sec-1.
Question 2.
For the reaction :
2A + B → A2B
the Rate = k[A][B]2 with k = 2.0 × 10-6 mol-2 L2 sec-1. Calculate the initial rate of the reaction when [A] = 0.1 mol L-1 and [B] = 0.2 mol L-1. Calculate the rate of reaction after [A] is reduced to 0.06 mol L-1.
Answer:
a) Rate = k[A][B]2, Rate = 2.0 × 10-6[0.1][0.2]2
Rate = 8 × 10-9 mol L-1sec-1
b)
Situation when A is remained 0.06 mol L-1
Now, According to rate law, Rate = k[A][B]2
Rate = 2 × 10-6[0.06][0.18]2
i.e. Rate = 3.888 × 10-9 mol L-1sec-1
Initial rate of reaction is 8 × 10-9 mol L-1sec-1. and rate when concentration of A is 0.06 mol L-1 is 3.888 × 10-9 mol L-1sec-1.
Question 3.
The decomposition of NH3 on platinum surface is zero order reaction.
What are the rates of production of N2 and H2. if k = 2.5 × 10-4 mol L-1 sec-1?
Answer:
2NH3(g) → N2(g) + 3H2(g)
Rate of zero order reaction is equal to rate constant. i.e. Rate = 2.5 × 10-4mol L-1sec-1.
According to rate law,
2.5 × 10-4mol L-1sec-1 =
i.e. the rate of production of N2 is 2.5 × 10-4mol L-1 sec-1.
According to rate law,
i.e. rate of formation of H2 is 3 times rate of reaction = 3 × 2.5 × 10-4mol L-1sec-1
= 7.5 × 10-4mol L-1sec-1
Rate of formation of N2 and H2 is 2.5 × 10-4 mol L-1sec-1 and 7.5 × 10-4 mol L-1sec-1 respectively.
Question 4.
The decomposition of dimethyl ether leads to formation of CH4, H2 and CO and the reaction rate is given by,
Rate = k[CH3OCH3]3/2. The rate of reaction is followed by an increase in pressure in a closed vessel, so the rate can also be expressed in terms of the partial pressure of dimethyl ether i.e. Rate = k[pCH3OCH3]3/2. If the pressure is measured in bar and time in minutes, then what are the units of rate and rate constants?
Answer:
Rate of given chemical reaction will be represented as
.
Hence units of rate is bar min-1
To find units of K, K = rate/[pCH3OCH3]3/2
The unit of k = bar -1/2min-1.
Units of Rate- bar min-1. and Units of Rate constant K : bar -1/2min -1
Question 5.
Mention the factors that affect the rate of chemical reaction?
Answer:
Factors affecting rate of reaction-
1) Temperature (increasing temperature increases rate of reaction)
2) Concentration or pressure of reactants. (Increasing concentration or pressure increases rate of reaction)
3) Presence or absence of a catalyst. (Adding catalyst mostly increases the rate of reaction)
4) The surface area of solid reactant. (If reaction is processing over solid reactant then increasing its surface area increases rate of reaction)
5) Nature of reactants
Question 6.
A reaction is second order with respect to a reactant. How is the rate of reaction affected if the concentration is
(i) doubled (ii) reduced to half
Answer:
Let suppose reaction
A ⇒ B;
having rate law, Rate = K [A]2
(i) If the concentration of A is doubled then the rate will affect by the square of concentration i.e. rate will become 22 = 4 times.
(ii) If the concentration of A is halved then the rate will affect the square of concentration i.e (1/2)2 = 1/4 times.
(i) Rate becomes 4 times of initial Rate (ii) Rate becomes 1/4 times of initial Rate
Question 7.
What is the effect of temperature on the rate constant of a reaction? How can this effect of temperature on rate constant be represented quantitatively?
Answer:
Increase in temperature increases the rate constant of a reaction. as we know increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction to satisfy the equation Rate = k [concentration]n where n can be any real number. k have to increase as concentration is almost not changing over small temperature change. Increasing temperature by 100C almost double the rate constant.
This can be represented quantitively by the help of arrehinus equation-
K = Ae-Ea/RT, where k is rate constant, Ea is activation energy, R is universal gas constant, T is absolute temperature.
Question 8.
In a pseudo first order hydrolysis of ester in water, the following results were obtained
(i) Calculate the average rate of reaction between the time interval 30 to 60 seconds
(ii) Calculate the pseudo first-order rate constant for the hydrolysis of the ester.
Answer:
(i) Average rate of reaction over interval is [change in concentration]/[time taken] i.e.
(ii) the pseudo first-order rate constant can be calculated by
K = (2.303/t) log(Ci/Ct) where K is Rate constant,
t is time taken,
Ci is initial concentration
Ct is Concentration at time t.
K = (2.303/30) log (0.55/0.31)
⇒ K = 1.9 × 10-2 sec-1
(i) Average rate between 30 to 60 sec is 0.00467 mol L-1sec-1
(ii) Pseudo first order rate constant is 1. × 10-2sec-1
Question 9.
A reaction is First Order in A and second order in B.
(i) Write the differential rate equation.
(ii) How is the rate affected on increasing the concentration of B three times?
(iii) How is the rate affected when the concentrations of both A and B are doubled?
Answer:
(i) Order is power raised to reactant in rate law, hence,
Rate = k[A][B]2
(ii) When the concentration of B is increased three times then the rate is affected by the square of reactant. The rate is increased by 9 Times.
(iii) When concentration of reactant both A and B is doubled then the rate will have affected as square of reactant B and Two times of Reactant A. Overall increase in rate is 8 times
(i) When the concentration of B is increased by three times, the rate is increased by nine times.
(ii) When conc. of both reactants doubled then Rate increased 8 times.
Question 10.
In a reaction between A and B, the initial rate of reaction(r0)was measured for different initial concentrations of A and B are given below:
What is the order of reaction with respect to A and B?
Answer:
When concentration of B is changed then rate of reaction doesn't change that means order with respect to B is 0. But when the concentration of A is doubled rate increased by 2.82 times i.e.21.5 = 2.82.Hence order with respect to A is 1.5.
Order with respect to A and B is 1.5 and 0 respectively.
Question 11.
The following results have been obtained during the kinetic studies of the reaction:
2A + B → C + D
Determine the Rate law and the rate constant for the reaction.
Answer:
By comparing Experiment I and IV if we increase the concentration of A by 4 times then Rate also increased by 4 times. That means order with respect to A is 1.
By comparing Experiment II and III if we double the concentration of B Rate increases by 4 times that means order with respect to B is 2.
Rate law of reaction will be, Rate = k [A][B]2
To find K, K = rate/[A][B]2 i.e. K = 6.0 × 10-3/[0.1][0.1]2
K = 6 mol-2L2sec-1
Order with respect to A and B is 1 and 2 Respectively. And value of K(rate constant) is = 6 mol-2L2sec-1
Question 12.
The reaction between A and B is first order with respect to A and zero order with respect to B.Phil. in the blanks in the following table:
Answer:
As reaction is first order with respect to A and zero Order with respect to B. Then changing the concentration of B won’t affect the rate of reaction and increasing concentration of A ‘n’ times will increase the rate by ‘n’ times. By this logic lets fill the table- In first blank space concentration of A will be 0.2 mol L-1 because the rate is doubled. In second blank space, Rate will be 8 × 10-2mol L-1min-1 because the concentration of A is increased 4 Times. In third blank space concentration of A will be 0.1 mol L-1 because the rate is same as in experiment I.
Question 13.
Calculate the half life of a first order reaction from their rate constants given below:
(i) 200 s-1 (ii) 2 min-1 (iii) 4 years-1
Answer:
Half life of first order reaction is, t1/2 = ln2/K where t1/2 is half life of first order reaction, K is rate constant of First order reaction.
(i) t1/2 = ln2/200 s-1
⇒ t1/2 = 0.693/200 s-1 (∵ ln2 = 0.693)
⇒ t1/2 = 0.003465 sec.
(ii) t1/2 = ln2/2 min-1
⇒ t1/2 = 0.693/2 min-1 (∵ ln2 = 0.693)
⇒ t1/2 = 0.3465 min
(iii) t1/2 = ln2/4 year-1
⇒ t1/2 = 0.693/4 years -1 (∵ ln2 = 0.693)
⇒ t1/2 = 0.17325 year.
Half life of 3 reactions are 0.003465 sec, 0.3465 min, 0.17325 year respectively.
Question 14.
The half-life for radioactive decay of 14C is 5730 years. An archeological artifact containing wood had only 80%of the 14C found in a living tree. Estimate the age of the sample.
Answer:
Radio active decay occurs via first order rate law,
t1/2 = 5730 years. rate constant(k) of given decay is 0.693/t1/2
⇒ 0.693/5730 = 1.2 × 10-4 year-1
By first order integrated rate law age of sample will be,
where T is the age of sample A0 is the initial activity of the sample. and At is the activity of sample at any time t.
T = 0.18 × 104 years.
Age of given sample is 0.18 × 104 years.
Question 15.
The experiemental data for decomposition of N2O5
[2N2O5→ 4NO2 + O2]
in gas phase at 318 k are given below:
(i) plot N2O5 against t
(ii) Find the half-life period for the Reaction.
(iii) Draw a graph between log[N2O5]and t.
(iv) what is the rate law?
(v) Calculate the rate constant.
(vi) Calculate the half-life period from k and compare it with (ii)
Answer:
(i)
(ii) initial conc.is 1.63 × 10-2 so half conc. is 0.815 × 10-2M From given information and graph t1/2 is 1440 sec.
(iii)
(iv) As log [N2O5] vs time is straight line given reaction is first order. Hence its rate law will be, Rate = k[N2O5]
(v) The slope of above graph is slope = 0.000209
K = 2.303 × slope
⇒ 4.82 × 10-4sec-1
Now, t1/2 = 0.693/K.
⇒ 0.693/4.82 × 10-4
⇒ t1/2 = 1438 sec. which is almost equal to (ii)
Question 16.
The rate constant for a first order reaction is 60 s–1. How much time will it take to reduce the initial concentration of the reactant to its 1/16th value?
Answer:
Given:
Order of the reaction = 1
Let, Initial concentration [R]°= x
Final concentration [R] = x/16
Rate constant k = 60 s-1
We know, time
⇒
⇒
Solving, we get t = 4.6 × 10-2s
Question 17.
During nuclear explosion, one of the products is 90Sr with half-life of 28.1 years. If 1μg of 90Sr was absorbed in the bones of a newly born baby instead of calcium, how much of it will remain after 10 years and 60 years if it is not lost metabolically.
Answer:
Initial concentration, [R]° = 1μg
Final concentration, [R]
Half-life t1/2 = 28.1 yrs
Solution:
We know, t1/2 = 0.693/k
Where, k – rate constant
⇒ k = 0.693/ t1/2
⇒ k = 0.693/(28.1 yrs)
⇒ k = 0.0246 yrs-1
Also,
If t = 10yrs, then, using the formula, we get,
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒ = 0.7824μg
If t = 60yrs, then again, we get,
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒ [R]60 = 0.228 μg
∴ 0.2278μg of 90Sr will be left after 60 years.
Question 18.
For a first order reaction, show that time required for 99% completion is twice the time required for the completion of 90% of reaction.
Answer:
Let, initial concentration be [R]°
Concentration at 90% completion be ((100-90)/100)×[R]°
∴ Concentration at 90% be 0.1[R]°
Concentration at 99% completion be ((100-99)/100)× [R]°∴ Concentration at 99% be 0.01[R]°
We know, time
Time taken for 90% completion is
⇒
⇒
Time taken for 99% completion is
⇒
⇒
⇒ t99 = 2t90
Hence, the time taken to complete 9% of the first order reaction is twice the time required for the completion of 90% of the reaction.
Question 19.
A first order reaction takes 40 min for 30% decomposition. Calculate t1/2.
Answer:
Given:
Time t = 40 min
When 30% decomposition is undergone, 70% is the concentration.
We know, time taken
Where, k- rate constant
[R]° -Initial concentration
[R]-Concentration at time ‘t’
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒ 258.23 = (2.303/k)
We know, Half-life t1/2 = 0.693/k
Which can be written as, t1/2 = 0.3010 × (2.303/k)
⇒ t1/2 = 0.3010 × 258.23
⇒ t1/2 = 77.72 min
Question 20.
For the decomposition of azoisopropane to hexane and nitrogen at 543 K, the following data are obtained.
Calculate the rate constant.
Answer:
When t = 0, the total partial pressure is P0 = 35.0 mm of Hg
When time t = t, the total partial pressure is Pt = P0 + p
P0-p = Pt-2p, but by the above equation, we know p = Pt-P0
Hence, P0-p = Pt-2( Pt-P0)
Thus, P0-p = 2P0 – Pt
We know that time
Where, k- rate constant
[R]° -Initial concentration of reactant
[R]-Concentration of reactant at time ‘t’
Here concentration can be replaced by the corresponding partial pressures.
Hence, the equation becomes,
→ equation 1
At time t = 360 s, Pt = 54 mm of Hg and P0 = 30 mm of Hg,
Substituting in equation 1,
⇒
⇒ k = 2.175 × 10-3 s-1
At time t = 720 s, Pt = 63 mm of Hg and P0 = 30 mm of Hg,
Substituting in equation 1,
⇒
Thus, k = 2.235 × 10-3 s–1
Taking average, k = (2.235 × 10-3 s–1 + 2.175 × 10-3 s–1)/2
∴ k = 2.21 × 10-3 s–1.
Question 21.
The following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition of SO2Cl2 at a constant volume.
SO2Cl2(g)→ SO2 (g) + Cl2 (g)Calculate the rate of the reaction when total pressure is 0.65 atm
Answer:
When t = 0, the total partial pressure is P0 = 0.5 atm
When time t = t, the total partial pressure is Pt = P0 + p
P0-p = Pt-2p, but by the above equation, we know p = Pt-P0
Hence, P0-p = Pt-2(Pt-P0)
Thus, P0-p = 2P0 – Pt
We know that time
Where, k- rate constant
[R]° -Initial concentration of reactant
[R]-Concentration of reactant at time ‘t’
Here concentration can be replaced by the corresponding partial pressures.
Hence, the equation becomes,
⇒ → equation 1
At time t = 100 s, Pt = 0.6 atm and P0 = 0.5 atm,
Substituting in equation 1,
⇒
Thus, k = 2.231 × 10-3 s-1
The rate of reaction R = k × PS02Cl2
When total pressure Pt = 0.65 atm and P0 = 0.5 atm, then
PS02Cl2 = 2P0-Pt
Thus, substituting the values, PS02Cl2 = 2(0.5)-0.6 = 0.35 atm
R = k × PS02Cl2 = 2.231 × 10-3 s–1 × 0.35
Rate of the reaction R = 7.8 × 10-4atm s–1
Question 22.
The rate constant for the decomposition of N2O5 at various temperatures is given below:
Draw a graph between ln k and 1/T and calculate the values of A and Ea. Predict the rate constant at 30° and 50°C.
Answer:
To convert the temperature in °C to °K we add 273 K.
The graph is given as:
The Arrhenius equation is given by k = Ae-Ea/RT
Where, k- Rate constant
A- Constant
Ea-Activation Energy
R- Gas constant
T-Temperature
Taking natural log on both sides,
ln k = ln A-(Ea/RT)
→ equation 1
By plotting a graph, ln K Vs 1/T, we get y-intercept as ln A and Slope is –Ea/R.
Slope = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
By substituting the values, slope = -12.301
⇒ –Ea/R = -12.301
But, R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1
⇒ Ea = 8.314 JK-1mol-1 × 12.301 K
⇒ Ea = 102.27 kJ mol-1
Substituting the values in equation 1 for data at T = 273K
⇒
⇒
(∵ At T = 273K, ln k = -7.147)
On solving, we get ln A = 37.911
∴ A = 2.91×106
When T = 300C, hence T = 30 + 273 = 303K
⇒
⇒
⇒ ln k = -2.8
⇒ k = 6.08x10-2s-1.
When T = 500C, hence T = 50 + 273 = 323K
Substituting in equation 1,
A = 2.91 × 106, Ea = 102.27 kJ mol-1
Ln K = ln(2.91 × 106)- 102.27/(8.314 × 323)
Thus, ln k = -0.5 and k = 0.607s-1.
Question 23.
The rate constant for the decomposition of hydrocarbons is 2.418 × 10–5s–1 at 546 K. If the energy of activation is 179.9 kJ/mol, what will be the value of pre-exponential factor.
Answer:
Given,
k = 2.418 × 10-5 s-1
T = 546 K
Ea = 179.9 kJ mol-1 = 179.9 × 103J mol-1
The Arrhenius equation is given by k = Ae-Ea/RT
Taking natural log on both sides,
Ln k = ln A-(Ea/RT)
Substituting the values,
ln(2.418 × 10-5 ) = ln A-179.9/(8.314 × 546)
ln A = 12.5917
A = 3.9 × 1012 s-1(approximately)
Question 24.
Consider a certain reaction A → Products with k = 2.0 × 10–2s-1. Calculate the concentration of A remaining after 100 s if the initial concentration of A is 1.0 mol L–1.
Answer:
Given,
k = 2.0 × 10–2s-1
time t = 100s
Concentration [A0] = 1.0 mol L-1
We know,
On substituting the values,
Log(1/[A]) = 2.303/2
Log[A] = -2.303/2
[A] = 0.135 mol L–1
Question 25.
Sucrose decomposes in acid solution into glucose and fructose according to the first order rate law, with t1/2 = 3.00 hours. What fraction of sample of sucrose remains after 8 hours?
Answer:
t1/2 = 3.00 hours
We know, t1/2 = 0.693/k
∴ k = 0.693/3
k = 0.231hrs-1
We know, time
Where, k- rate constant
[R]° -Initial concentration
[R]-Concentration at time ‘t’
Thus, substituting the values,
log([R]0/[R]) = 0.8
log([R]/[R]0) = -0.8
[R]/[R]0 = 0.158
Hence, 0.158 fraction of sucrose remains.
Question 26.
The decomposition of hydrocarbon follows the equation
k = (4.5 × 1011s–1) e-28000K/T. Calculate Ea.
Answer:
The given equation is
k = (4.5 x 1011 s-1) e-28000 K/T (i)
Comparing, Arrhenius equation
k = Ae -Ea/RT (ii)
We get, Ea / RT = 28000K / T
⇒ Ea = R x 28000K
= 8.314 J K-1mol-1 × 28000 K
= 232792 J mol–1 or 232.792 kJ mol–1
Question 27.
The rate constant for the first order decomposition of H2O2 is given by the following equation: log k = 14.34 – 1.25 × 104K/T
Calculate Ea for this reaction and at what temperature will its half-period be 256 minutes?
Answer:
We know, The Arrhenius equation is given by k = Ae-Ea/RT
Taking natural log on both sides,
Ln k = ln A-(Ea/RT)
Thus, log k = log A -(Ea/2.303RT) → eqn 1
The given equation is log k = 14.34 – 1.25 × 104K/T → eqn 2
Comparing 2 equations,
Ea/2.303R = 1.25 × 104K
Ea = 1.25 × 104K × 2.303 × 8.314
Ea = 239339.3 J mol-1 (approximately)
Ea = 239.34 kJ mol-1
Also, when t1/2 = 256 minutes,
k = 0.693 / t1/2
= 0.693 / 256
= 2.707 × 10-3 min-1
k = 4.51 × 10-5s–1
Substitute k = 4.51 × 10-5s–1 in eqn 2,
log 4.51 × 10-5 s–1 = 14.34 – 1.25 × 104K/T
log(0.654-5) = 14.34– 1.25 × 104K/T
T = 1.25 × 104/[ 14.34- log(0.654-5)]
T = 668.9K or T = 669 K
Question 28.
The decomposition of A into product has value of k as 4.5 × 103 s–1 at 10°C and energy of activation 60 kJ mol–1. At what temperature would k be 1.5 × 104s–1?
Answer:
From Arrhenius equation, we obtain
Also, k1 = 4.5 × 103 s - 1
T1 = 273 + 10 = 283 K
k2 = 1.5 × 104 s - 1
Ea = 60 kJ mol - 1 = 6.0 × 104 J mol - 1
Then,
→ 0.5229 = 3133.627 × (T2-283)/(283 × T2)
→ 0.0472T2 = T2-283
T2 = 297K or T2 = 240 C
Question 29.
The time required for 10% completion of a first order reaction at 298K is equal to that required for its 25% completion at 308K. If the value of A is 4 × 1010s–1. Calculate k at 318K and Ea.
Answer:
We know, time t = (2.303/k) × log([R]0/[R])
Where, k- rate constant
[R]° -Initial concentration
[R]-Concentration at time ‘t’
At 298K, If 10% is completed, then 90% is remaining.
t = (2.303/k) × log ([R]0/0.9[R]0)
t = (2.303/k) × log (1/0.9)
t = 0.1054 / k
At temperature 308K, 25% is completed, 75% is remaining
t’ = (2.303/k’) × log ([R]0/0.75[R]0)
t’ = (2.303/k’) × log (1/0.75)
t’ = 2.2877 / k'
But, t = t’
0.1054 / k = 2.2877 / k'
k' / k = 2.7296
From Arrhenius equation, we obtain
log k2/k1 = (Ea / 2.303 R) × (T2 - T1) / T1T2
Substituting the values,
⇒
Ea = 76640.09 J mol-1 or 76.64 kJ mol-1
We know, log k = log A –Ea/RT
Log k = log(4 × 1010)-(76.64kJ mol-1/(8.314 × 318))
Log k = -1.986
∴ k = 1.034 x 10-2 s -1
Question 30.
The rate of a reaction quadruples when the temperature changes from 293 K to 313 K. Calculate the energy of activation of the reaction assuming that it does not change with temperature.
Answer:
Given, k2 = 4k1, T1 = 293K and T2 = 313K
We know, From Arrhenius equation, we obtain
⇒
⇒
On solving we get,
Ea = 58263.33 J mol-1 or 58.26 kJ mol-1